T-2 toxin induced Salmonella Typhimurium intoxication results in decreased Salmonella numbers in the cecum contents of pigs, despite marked effects on Salmonella-host cell interactions

Abstract

The mycotoxin T-2 toxin and Salmonella Typhimurium infections pose a significant threat to human and animal health. Interactions between both agents may result in a different outcome of the infection. Therefore, the aim of the presented study was to investigate the effects of low and relevant concentrations of T-2 toxin on the course of a Salmonella Typhimurium infection in pigs. We showed that the presence of 15 and 83 μg T-2 toxin per kg feed significantly decreased the amount of Salmonella Typhimurium bacteria present in the cecum contents, and a tendency to a reduced colonization of the jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon and colon contents was noticed. In vitro, proteomic analysis of porcine enterocytes revealed that a very low concentration of T-2 toxin (5 ng/mL) affects the protein expression of mitochondrial, endoplasmatic reticulum and cytoskeleton associated proteins, proteins involved in protein synthesis and folding, RNA synthesis, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and regulatory processes. Similarly low concentrations (1-100 ng/mL) promoted the susceptibility of porcine macrophages and intestinal epithelial cells to Salmonella Typhimurium invasion, in a SPI-1 independent manner. Furthermore, T-2 toxin (1-5 ng/mL) promoted the translocation of Salmonella Typhimurium over an intestinal porcine epithelial cell monolayer. Although these findings may seem in favour of Salmonella Typhimurium, microarray analysis showed that T-2 toxin (5 ng/mL) causes an intoxication of Salmonella Typhimurium, represented by a reduced motility and a downregulation of metabolic and Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 1 genes. This study demonstrates marked interactions of T-2 toxin with Salmonella Typhimurium pathogenesis, resulting in bacterial intoxication.

Effects of Helicobacter suis γ- Glutamyl Transpeptidase on Lymphocytes: Modulation by Glutamine and Glutathione Supplementation and Outer Membrane Vesicles as a Putative Delivery Route of the Enzyme

“…In order to examine the putative translocation ability of active H. suis GGT contained in H. suis OMV across an epithelial cell monolayer, a translocation assay was performed as described elsewhere [40]. IPEC-J2 cells (1 × 10 4 cells/250 µl/insert) were seeded on the apical side of the Transwell® polycarbonate membrane inserts with a pore size of 3.0 μm and a membrane diameter of 6.5 mm (Corning Costar Corp., Cambridge, MA, USA), and the basolateral side was filled with 1 mL fresh culture medium.…”

“…IPEC-J2 cells (1 × 10 4 cells/250 µl/insert) were seeded on the apical side of the Transwell® polycarbonate membrane inserts with a pore size of 3.0 μm and a membrane diameter of 6.5 mm (Corning Costar Corp., Cambridge, MA, USA), and the basolateral side was filled with 1 mL fresh culture medium. Cell medium was refreshed every 2 to 3 days and cells were cultured for 3 to 4 weeks in order to allow differentiation to a complete monolayer as described elsewhere [39,40]. When differentiated, 100 µg (based on the total protein content) H. suis OMV were added to the apical compartment.…”

“…After incubation for up to 48 hours (37°C; 5% CO 2 ), the presence of GGT activity in the basolateral compartment was determined with a GGT activity assay [17]. The transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was measured before and after the incubation with H. suis OMV to assess the barrier integrity of the differentiatedepithelial cell monolayer as described previously [40]. …”

Effect of Fusarium-Derived Metabolites on the Barrier Integrity of Differentiated Intestinal Porcine Epithelial Cells (IPEC-J2)

“…Thus, we herein present the first investigation of the effect of such metabolites on intestinal barrier integrity of intestinal porcine epithelial cells. Such effects are well documented for the trichothecene mycotoxin DON [11,15,87,88,89], as well as for aflatoxins [90,91], zearalenone [92,93], ochratoxin A [94,95], patulin [96,97], fumonisin B1 [98,99,100] and T2 toxin [16,101]. Similarities with the original in vivo cell tissue and with humans and the fact that pigs are the most susceptible species to Fusarium mycotoxin DON, make porcine cell lines a highly suitable option for in vitro analysis of intestinal barrier integrity [102].…”

Effect of Low Dose of Fumonisins on Pig Health: Immune Status, Intestinal Microbiota and Sensitivity to Salmonella

“…Bacterial growth of species representative of human intestinal microbiota is not affected by fumonisins [23]. However, feeding pigs with the T-2 toxin resulted in a substantial increase of aerobic bacterial counts in the intestines [24], and surprisingly, in experimental infection with Salmonella typhimurium [25], the presence of dietary T-2 toxin led to a reduction in the amount of this pathogen in the caecum contents, and a tendency toward reduced colonisation of the jejunum, ileum, caecum, colon and colon contents was noticed. This effect appeared to be caused by Salmonella intoxication by the T-2 toxin.…”