Tabulation of Alcohol Content of Beer and Malt Beverages

Case, Glenn A.; Distefano, Sandra; Logan, Barry K.

doi:10.1093/jat/24.3.202

Cited by 15 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Simplified, proof is merely two times the percent ethanol (v/v) concentration. A study found that not only can the measured ethanol concentration of malt beverages vary from the reported label value, but also the intended ethanol concentrations can vary from 2.9 to 15.6% (v/v) [23]. Even though a "typical" malt beverage is assumed to have approximately 5% (v/v) ethanol, this study demonstrates ethanol concentrations may differ from what the public anticipates when consuming these beverages ( Table 4).…”

Section: Units Used In Reporting Ethanol Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 77%

The clinical significance of variations in ethanol toxicokinetics

2007

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Introduction: Many variables affect the interpretation of an isolated ethanol level in an acutely intoxicated patient. This review demonstrates the significant variability in metabolism and elimination of ethanol, how it can differ between individuals, and the clinical importance of these variables.Discussion: Isolated ethanol values in a clinical scenario are only a snapshot of a dynamic process. The individual pharmacokinetic differences of people make it extremely difficult to estimate ethanol elimination rates or calculate previous ethanol concentrations at the time of an accident because of medical-legal reasons. Not only are the techniques used in measuring ethanol concentrations in bodily fluids (blood, serum, breath, and urine) not equivalent, but also the units used to report ethanol concentrations are often misinterpreted. Acute and chronic tolerance and social adaptive changes make interpreting this isolated ethanol level extremely difficult. The purpose of this review is to enable the clinician to appropriately interpret ethanol concentrations. Conclusion:The clinical evaluation of a patient's inebriation is always more reliable than an isolated ethanol level for determining disposition. Only an estimation of a current serum ethanol level can be made if the blood draw was performed hours earlier. This review is clinically important because it shows the clinically significant variability in metabolism and elimination of ethanol and how it can differ between individuals. It will also describe different ways to measure ethanol concentrations and how to compare them. Finally, the interpretation of isolated ethanol levels will be discussed.

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Section: Units Used In Reporting Ethanol Concentrationsmentioning

confidence: 77%

The clinical significance of variations in ethanol toxicokinetics

2007

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“…No statistically significant difference was found in peak alcohol con- 6 be scientifically significant because higher elimination rates in women have been noted in previous studies (9,10). While there were individual subject differences, on average, equal doses of ethanol per kg of lean body weight given in the same manner, over the same length of time, yielded statistically indistinguishable alcohol concentration results, regardless of subject gender or type of alcoholic beverage consumed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

“…At the end of each 45-minute drinking period, the subjects underwent a 15-minute deprivation period, to ensure that no residual or mouth alcohol was present (4,5), and were then tested to determine their alcohol concentration. After completion of the three drinking and testing periods, breath testing continued in 20-minute intervals until each subject's alcohol concentration returned to 0.000 gl2lO L. Beer, containing approximately 5% ethanol (Budweiser'P, Miller Highlife'P, and/or Old Milwaukee'") (6), was consumed on day one and whiskey (Wild Turkey 101®) mixed with a carbonated beverage was consumed on day two. The mixed drinks were served in nineounce glasses filled with ice.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of Equal Alcohol Doses of Beer and Whiskey on Eleven Human Test Subjects

Cowan

Dennis

Smith

2004

Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal

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Seven men (aged 23 to 52 years) and four women (aged 26 to 44 years) were hydrostatically weighed to determine their percentage of body fat and lean body weight. Female subjects on average had a higher percentage of body fat (23.5%, range 18.6-30.0%) than males (16.9%, range 7.5-30.2%). SUbjects fasted for at least 10 hours prior to an oral dose of alcohol at 1.23 glkg of lean body weight. Beer containing approximately 5% ethanol was consumed on day one of the experiment and 50.5% whiskey mixed witn a carbonated beverage was consumed on day two of the experiment. All alcohol analyses were conducted on the Intoxilyzer 5000®. Female subjects had a slightly higher rate of elimination (0.0195 gl210 Uh, range 0.0169-0.0212) than male subjects (0.0186 gl210 Uh, range 0.0151-0.0225). While there were individual subject differences, on average, equal doses of ethanol per kg of lean body weight given in the same manner, over the same length of time, yielded statistically indistinguishable alcohol concentration results, regardless of subject gender or type of alcoholic beverage consumed. RESUMESept hommes (ages de 23 El 52 ans) et quatre femmes (agees de 26 El 44 ans) furent peses hydrostatiquement afin de determiner leur pourcentage de graisse et leur masse corporelle excluant la graisse. Le pourcentage de graisse chez les femmes (23,5%, plage de 18,6% El 30,0%) s'est avere superleur El celui des hommes (16,9%, plage de 7,5% El 30,2%). Les sujets ont jeCme pendant une perlode minimale de 10 heures avant d'ingerer un dose d'alcool de 1,23 glkg de masse corporelle excluant la graisse. De la blere ayant une teneur approximative de 5% VN en alcool fut consommee au cours de la premiere [ournee de l'experlence et du Whisky El 50,5% melange El des boissons gazeuses fut consomme au cours de la seconde [ournee. Toutes les analyses d'alcool ont ete effectuees El I'aide de l'lntoxilyzer® 5000C. La vitesse d'elimination d'alcool a ete legerement superleure chez les femmes (0,0195 gl210 Uh, plage de 0,0169-0,0212) que chez les hommes (0,0186 gI 210 Uh, plage de 0,0151-0,0225). Malgre certaines differences interindividuelles, les doses equivalentes d'alcool ethylique par kilo de masse corporelie admlnlstrees de tacon identique pendant la rnerne perlode de temps ont produit des alcoolemles non statistiquement differentes, lndependamrnent du genre du sujet ou du type d'alcool ingere.

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“…These are quarterly data by brand comprising total national advertising expenditures for 10 media types. Alcohol content (ALC) was collected from various specialized sources (especially Case et al, 2000). It is assumed that alcohol content remains constant for each brand.…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Demand for differentiated products: Price and advertising evidence from the U.S. beer market

Rojas

Peterson

2008

International Journal of Industrial Organization

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This paper employs a nation-wide sample of supermarket scanner data to estimate a large brand-level demand system for beer in the U.S. using the Distance Metric method of Pinkse, Slade and Brett [Pinkse, J., Slade, M., Brett, C., 2002. Spatial price competition: a semiparametric approach. Econometrica 70, 1111-1155]. Unlike previous studies, this work estimates the own-and cross-advertising elasticities in addition to price elasticities. Positive and negative cross-advertising elasticities imply the presence of both cooperative and predatory effects of advertising expenditures across brands; however, the former effect appears to dominate suggesting that advertising increases the overall demand for beer. We discuss the implications of these results in this industry.

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Tabulation of Alcohol Content of Beer and Malt Beverages

Cited by 15 publications

References 4 publications

The clinical significance of variations in ethanol toxicokinetics

The clinical significance of variations in ethanol toxicokinetics

A Comparison of Equal Alcohol Doses of Beer and Whiskey on Eleven Human Test Subjects

Demand for differentiated products: Price and advertising evidence from the U.S. beer market

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