“…The kanji characters are physically complex and are phonemically very similar, all of them have a meaning on their own, often combined to form various words with new meanings (Tamaoka, Kirsner, Yanase, & Miyaoka, 2002), making them difficult to commit to memory (Gamage, 2006;Mori, Sato, & Shimizu, 2007;Toyoda, 1998, as cited in Nesbit, 2013). Therefore, a learning strategy is needed in order to teach kanji more effectively to NKB learners, understanding how the NKB learners perceive and process kanji is helpful (Paxton & Svetenant, 2014).…”