Tactical reproductive parasitism via larval cannibalism in Peruvian poison frogs

Brown, Jason L.; Morales, Víctor; Summers, Kyle

doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0591

Cited by 48 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…The incentive to cheat is so strong that brood parasitism has arisen both within and between species on many independent occasions. The interspecific brood parasites in particular are taxonomically diverse as well as numerous and span the birds, frogs, fish and insects (Brown, Morales & Summers, 2009; Davies, 2000; Davies, Bourke & Brooke, 1989; Sato, 1986).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cuckoos versus hosts in insects and birds: adaptations, counter-adaptations and outcomes

2011

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Avian parents and social insect colonies are victimized by interspecific brood parasites-cheats that procure costly care for their dependent offspring by leaving them in another species' nursery. Birds and insects defend themselves from attack by brood parasites; their defences in turn select counter-strategies in the parasite, thus setting in motion antagonistic co-evolution between the two parties. Despite their considerable taxonomic disparity, here we show striking parallels in the way that co-evolution between brood parasites and their hosts proceeds in insects and birds. First, we identify five types of co-evolutionary arms race from the empirical literature, which are common to both systems. These are: (a) directional co-evolution of weaponry and armoury; (b) furtiveness in the parasite countered by strategies in the host to expose the parasite; (c) specialist parasites mimicking hosts who escape by diversifying their genetic signatures; (d) generalist parasites mimicking hosts who escape by favouring signatures that force specialization in the parasite; and (e) parasites using crypsis to evade recognition by hosts who then simplify their signatures to make the parasite more detectable. Arms races a and c are well characterized in the theoretical literature on co-evolution, but the other types have received little or no formal theoretical attention. Empirical work suggests that hosts are doomed to lose arms races b and e to the parasite, in the sense that parasites typically evade host defences and successfully parasitize the nest. Nevertheless hosts may win when the co-evolutionary trajectory follows arms race a, c or d. Next, we show that there are four common outcomes of the co-evolutionary arms race for hosts. These are: (1) successful resistance; (2) the evolution of defence portfolios (or multiple lines of resistance); (3) acceptance of the parasite; and (4) tolerance of the parasite. The particular outcome is not determined by the type of preceding arms race but depends more on whether hosts or parasites control the co-evolutionary trajectory: tolerance is an outcome that parasites inflict on hosts, whereas the other three outcomes are more dependent on properties intrinsic to the host species. Finally, our review highlights considerable interspecific variation in the complexity and depth of host defence portfolios. Whether this variation is adaptive or merely reflects evolutionary lag is unclear. We propose an adaptive explanation, which centres on the relative strength of two opposing processes: strategy-facilitation, in which one line of host defence promotes the evolution of another form of resistance, and strategy-blocking, in which one line of defence may relax selection on another so completely that it causes it to decay. We suggest that when strategy-facilitation outweighs strategy-blocking, hosts will possess complex defence portfolios and we identify selective conditions in which this is likely to be the case.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cuckoos versus hosts in insects and birds: adaptations, counter-adaptations and outcomes

2011

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“…In system (1), both species u and v follow Logistic growth in the absence of other species, which indicates that species v has alternative food resources and could persist in the absence of prey u, i.e., predator species v is generalist. In natural, many predators are in fact generalist, and their prey consists of different species(see, for example, [30,34,33,2]). In the last couple of decades, the study on prey-predator work involving generalist predators has attracted more and more attentions, and provided additional biological insights on dynamical outcomes for models with predator being generalist versus specialist.…”

Section: Dingyong Bai Jianshe Yu and Yun Kangmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Permanence, stability, Turing instability. In this section, we study the dissipation, persistence and non-persistence, the local and global stability of nonnegative constant steady states of model (2). Also, Turing instability at the positive constant solution is studied.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Spatiotemporal dynamics of a diffusive predator-prey model with generalist predator

Bai

Kang³

2020

Discrete &Amp; Continuous Dynamical Systems - S

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In this paper, we study the spatiotemporal dynamics of a diffusive predator-prey model with generalist predator subject to homogeneous Neumann boundary condition. Some basic dynamics including the dissipation, persistence and non-persistence(i.e., one species goes extinct), the local and global stability of non-negative constant steady states of the model are investigated. The conditions of Turing instability due to diffusion at positive constant steady states are presented. A critical value ρ of the ratio d 2 d 1 of diffusions of predator to prey is obtained, such that if d 2 d 1 > ρ, then along with other suitable conditions Turing bifurcation will emerge at a positive steady state, in particular so it is with the large diffusion rate of predator or the small diffusion rate of prey; while if d 2 d 1 < ρ, both the reaction-diffusion system and its corresponding ODE system are stable at the positive steady state. In addition, we provide some results on the existence and non-existence of positive non-constant steady states. These existence results indicate that the occurrence of Turing bifurcation, along with other suitable conditions, implies the existence of non-constant positive steady states bifurcating from the constant solution. At last, by numerical simulations, we demonstrate Turing pattern formation on the effect of the varied diffusive ratio d 2 d 1. As d 2 d 1 increases, Turing patterns change from spots pattern, stripes pattern into spots-stripes pattern. It indicates that the pattern formation of the model is rich and complex.

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“…Tadpoles furthermore strongly compete for the scarce food resources within the phytotelmata (Caldwell & de Ara ujo, 2004;Schulte et al, 2015). Regarding the latter, there is, however, evidence that R. variabilis facultatively provides its offspring with food such as fertilized clutches (Schulte, 2014) or younger tadpoles (Schulte & L€ otters, 2014) or places tadpoles in pools already containing eggs (Brown, Morales & Summers, 2009). But, in some cases, instead of receiving such extra care, tadpoles do not receive any care from their parents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poison frog tadpoles seek parental transportation to escape their cannibalistic siblings

Schulte

Mayer

2017

Journal of Zoology

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Parental care is a limited resource which in many species is acquired by the offspring through begging behaviours and often causes competition between siblings. The Neotropical poison frog Ranitomeya variabilis provides a very specific form of parental care: because its tadpoles are cannibalistic males usually separate them from their siblings after hatching by transporting them singly to small water bodies. However, in some cases parents do not transport their tadpoles but let them all hatch into the same pool. Here, we investigate if abandoned tadpoles of R. variabilis actively seek parental care in form of transportation. We conducted experiments where tadpoles of the same clutch were presented with con-and heterospecific frogs, and both moving and non-moving frog models. Our results revealed that abandoned tadpoles actively approached all frogs and sometimes even climbed onto their backs. We suggest that this tadpole behaviour may function to allow tadpoles to escape sibling competition and cannibalism. Being the first (and possibly the only one) to leave the shared pool should give a tadpole a high survival advantage over its brood-mates. We further found that tadpoles did not approach artificial models, suggesting that these where either not natural enough or that tadpoles do not recognize frogs by visual or tactile cues but might use chemical or multiple stimuli. The latter is also the case in related egg-feeding species where tadpoles beg for food. We therefore discuss our results in relation to potential begging behaviours, as well as fixed action patterns and parent-offspring conflict, being potential questions opening up for future examinations regarding our findings.

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Tactical reproductive parasitism via larval cannibalism in Peruvian poison frogs

Cited by 48 publications

References 19 publications

Cuckoos versus hosts in insects and birds: adaptations, counter-adaptations and outcomes

Cuckoos versus hosts in insects and birds: adaptations, counter-adaptations and outcomes

Spatiotemporal dynamics of a diffusive predator-prey model with generalist predator

Poison frog tadpoles seek parental transportation to escape their cannibalistic siblings

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