The
conversion of biomass-derived furfural (FUR) to levulinic acid
(LA), a versatile platform chemical, involves catalytic hydrogenation
of FUR followed by acid hydrolysis to LA. However, this two-step process
demands expensive separation and purification of the furfuryl alcohol
(FAL) intermediate. Herein, we demonstrate an ingenious catalytic
strategy for the one-pot cascade conversion of FUR to LA over a bifunctional
catalyst without using pure external H2. Isopropyl alcohol
(IPA) served a dual role as a hydrogen donor and solvent while inhibiting
the side reactions. Catalysts with a tunable surface area and acidity
were synthesized by impregnating different percentages of H3PW12O40 (heteropolyacid) over a SiO2 support. The bifunctionality of the H3PW12O40/SiO2 catalyst is ascribed to the mutual
coexistence of Lewis and Bro̷nsted acid sites. The Lewis acid
sites imparted by active W metal sites adsorb hydrogen proton for
catalytic transfer hydrogenation of FUR to FAL, while the predominant
Bro̷nsted acid sites catalyze the hydrolysis of FAL to LA. Consequently,
H3PW12O40/SiO2 revealed
to be a potential catalyst producing an ∼51% LA yield under
optimized reaction conditions. Moreover, the catalyst was found to
be reusable for three catalytic cycles. This study paves the way to
develop future biorefinery, particularly direct conversion of FUR
to LA over a bifunctional catalyst with a liquid H-donor, in an environmentally
benign manner and comply with the green chemistry principles.