Tailoring lixiviant properties to optimise selectivity in E-waste recycling

Hartley, Jennifer M.; Scott, Sean; Rivera, Rodolfo Marin; Hunt, Phil; Lucio, Anthony J.; Bird, Philip; Harris, Robert C.; Jenkin, Gawen R.T.; Abbott, Andrew P.

doi:10.1039/d2su00038e

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…5–10 mPa s. Below this, etching rate decreases due to the high water (>30 mol water per kg of brine) and low chloride concentrations, resulting in poor solubility of the Ag + ions and the formation of AgCl precipitates. This effect of water content was also observed during the oxidation of silver in aqueous ChCl : 2EG using iodine [11] …”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 55%

“…This switch between DES/IL with water dissolved in it and an aqueous solution of DES/IL components has also been observed for other types of DES and IL mixtures with water, via spectroscopic methods. The critical water content to cause changes in metal ion [3–4,6,13] or halide [11] speciation was 30–45 wt % in all cases described so far.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…This can be advantageous for selective metal dissolution but the often‐raised issue of slow mass transport with DESs can be seen to be always rate limiting. It has recently been shown that forced mass transport using laminar flow, jets or ultrasound can circumvent these issues and lead to very rapid rates of metal processing [41] …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This effect of water content was also observed during the oxidation of silver in aqueous ChCl : 2EG using iodine. [11] Nickel etching does not etch significantly in any of the brines or DESs, due to the propensity for nickel to passivate in the presence of water. Therefore, it would be expected that if this passivation layer is continually removed, e.g.…”

Section: Metal Etching In Brines and Dessmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Concentrated Ionic Fluids: Is There a Difference Between Chloride‐Based Brines and Deep Eutectic Solvents?

Zante,

Elgar,

George

et al. 2023

Angew Chem Int Ed

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Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) have been lauded as novel solvents, but is there really a difference between them and concentrated aqueous brines? They provide a method of adjusting the activity of water and chloride ions which can affect mass transport, speciation and reactivity. This study proposes a continuum of properties across concentrated ionic fluids and uses metal processing as an example. Charge transport is shown to be governed by fluidity and there is no discontinuity between molar conductivity and fluidity irrespective of cation, charge density or ionic radius. Diffusion coefficients of iron(III) and copper(II) chloride in numerous concentrated ionic fluids show the same linear correlation between diffusion coefficient and fluidity. These oxidising agents were used to etch copper, silver and nickel and while the etching rate increased with fluidity for copper, etching of silver and nickel only occurred at high chloride and low water activity as passivation occurred when water activity increased. Overall, brines provide a high chloride content at a lower viscosity than DESs, but unlike DESs, brines are unable to prevent passivation due to their high water content. The results show how selective etching of mixed metal waste streams can be achieved by tuning chloride and water activity.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 55%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Metal Etching In Brines and Dessmentioning

confidence: 98%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Concentrated Ionic Fluids: Is There a Difference Between Chloride‐Based Brines and Deep Eutectic Solvents?

Zante,

Elgar,

George

et al. 2023

Angew Chem Int Ed

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In the case of iodine, it has been reported that both [I 2 Cl] − and [I 3 ] − are stable in ChCl: 2EG eutectic mixture (distribution between complexes tending to change as function of water addition) 72,73 , suggesting that both species should be able to oxidise iron according to equations 3 and 4. However, both the Fe III/II and iodine redox couples are at very similar potentials in ChCl: 2EG 52 , suggesting that Fe II can also be oxidised to Fe III by iodine.…”

Section: Chemical Etching Of "Campo Del Cielo" Meteoritementioning

confidence: 99%

Extraterrestrial mining – A novel method for extracting minerals and metals from asteroids

Rivera

Bird

Jenkin

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Extra-terrestrial mining is vital for access to strategic metals for space exploration and to feed an increasing terrestrial need for metals in sustainable energy generation and storage. This study demonstrates for the first time the catalytic dissolution of metals from meteorite proxies of metal-rich asteroids using a deep eutectic solvent (DES). DESs are of particular interest for extra-terrestrial mining as they can be designed to have relatively low vapour pressures and could potentially be made from waste products created in extra-terrestrial settlements. Three types of meteorites were investigated: 2 chondrites (H3, H5) and one iron (IAB-MG) meteorite. Chondrites samples were composed of silicates (olivine, pyroxene) with metallic phases occurring as native metal alloys and sulphides. Metallic Fe-Ni and troilite (FeS) are the most abundant metal-bearing phases in all three samples, particularly in the iron-rich meteorite. The samples were subjected to chemical micro-etching experiments with iodine and iron(III) chloride as oxidising agents in a DES formed from the mixture of choline chloride (ChCl) and ethylene glycol (EG). Micro-etching experiments demonstrated that Fe-Ni phases are effectively leached out in this system, while other mineral phases remain unreactive.

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An Introduction to Electronic Waste

Priya

2023

Management of Electronic Waste

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Tailoring lixiviant properties to optimise selectivity in E-waste recycling

Abstract: The presence of water in a DES imparts selectivity to metal etching via the formation of passivation layers.

Cited by 17 publications

References 39 publications

Concentrated Ionic Fluids: Is There a Difference Between Chloride‐Based Brines and Deep Eutectic Solvents?

Concentrated Ionic Fluids: Is There a Difference Between Chloride‐Based Brines and Deep Eutectic Solvents?

Extraterrestrial mining – A novel method for extracting minerals and metals from asteroids

An Introduction to Electronic Waste

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