Tailoring of CNT surface oxygen groups by gas-phase oxidation and its implications for lithium ion batteries

Klink, Stefan; Ventosa, Edgar; Xia, Wei; Mantia, Fabio La; Schuhmann, Wolfgang

doi:10.1016/j.elecom.2011.11.012

Cited by 45 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Opening the cap of CNTso rc reatingd efective sites on the side walls through gas/liquid phase chemical etchingo rb all milling can furtheri mprove the capacity. [104][105][106][107][108][109][110] Ac omprehensive Review regarding the influence of the morphology of CNTsona node performance can be found in Ref. [106] In addition to the morphologye ngineering of CNTs, doping CNTsw ith heteroatoms has been demonstrated to be an effective way to improvet he electrochemical performance of CNT anodes.…”

Section: Carbon Nanotubes As Anode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon‐Based Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries, Electrochemical Capacitors, and Their Hybrid Devices

2015

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A rapidly developing market for portable electronic devices and hybrid electrical vehicles requires an urgent supply of mature energy-storage systems. As a result, lithium-ion batteries and electrochemical capacitors have lately attracted broad attention. Nevertheless, it is well known that both devices have their own drawbacks. With the fast development of nanoscience and nanotechnology, various structures and materials have been proposed to overcome the deficiencies of both devices to improve their electrochemical performance further. In this Review, electrochemical storage mechanisms based on carbon materials for both lithium-ion batteries and electrochemical capacitors are introduced. Non-faradic processes (electric double-layer capacitance) and faradic reactions (pseudocapacitance and intercalation) are generally explained. Electrochemical performance based on different types of electrolytes is briefly reviewed. Furthermore, impedance behavior based on Nyquist plots is discussed. We demonstrate the influence of cell conductivity, electrode/electrolyte interface, and ion diffusion on impedance performance. We illustrate that relaxation time, which is closely related to ion diffusion, can be extracted from Nyquist plots and compared between lithium-ion batteries and electrochemical capacitors. Finally, recent progress in the design of anodes for lithium-ion batteries, electrochemical capacitors, and their hybrid devices based on carbonaceous materials are reviewed. Challenges and future perspectives are further discussed.

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Section: Carbon Nanotubes As Anode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon‐Based Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries, Electrochemical Capacitors, and Their Hybrid Devices

2015

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“…To control the oxidation process, aimed at tailoring the surface properties of nanocarbons, the understanding of the influence of the various experimental parameters is required. For example, Mercier et al have given a qualitative indication on how oxidative power of the thermal dry oxidation of single‐walled carbon nanotubes depends on temperature and duration of the treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlled surface functionalization of carbon nanotubes by nitric acid vapors generated from sub-azeotropic solution

Santangelo

2015

Surf. Interface Anal.

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Controlled surface modification of nanocarbons is crucial for their use in applications. The paper deals with the functionalization of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with HNO 3 vapors. Sub-azeotropic HNO 3 + H 2 O + Mg(NO 3 ) 2 solution is used for the generation of nitric acid vapors. Because this approach allows tuning the HNO 3 concentration in the vapor phase, the effect of its variation on the surface chemistry and structural properties of the CNTs is investigated. A combination of analytical techniques is applied to evaluate oxidation extent of the CNT surface, selectivity towards the formation of carboxyl groups compared with other oxygenated functionalities, and CNT integrity. The comparison with liquid-phase functionalization in H 2 SO 4 + HNO 3 mixture (1 : 3-3 : 1 v/v), conventionally utilized for oxidizing CNTs, shows that vapor-phase functionalization affords greater surface oxygen uptakes and higher selectivity towards the formation of carboxyl groups, with smaller tube damage; more importantly, it evidences that, regardless of the method and conditions chosen, the selectivity towards carboxyl groups increases linearly with the surface oxygen concentration. The presented results prove that the product of HNO 3 concentration in the vapor-phase (25-93 wt%) and vapor-phase functionalization duration (0.5-5 h) controls the surface oxygen concentration. A simple rate model is proposed to account for its increase.

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“…For the first cycle,t he two broad cathodic peaks centered at 1.12 and 0.75 Vv ersus Li/Li + are attributed to the reduction of the remaining oxygen-containings pecies on the surface of the CNT-rGOa nd the formation of the SEI. [26,29,48,49] Also, the sharp peak centereda t0 .09 V versusL i/Li + (till 0.01 V) is due to the Li-alloying process of the crystalline Si, leading to the formation of amorphous Li x Si phases and eventually to the crystalline phase of ChemElectroChem 2015, 2,1983 -1990 www.chemelectrochem.org Li 15 Si 4 . [20,38,[50][51][52] The subsequentd elithiation exhibits as harp anodic peak at 0.45 Vv ersus Li/Li + ,w hichi sa ttributed to Li dealloying of Li 15 Si 4 ,l eading to the formation of amorphous Si.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Si–CNT/rGO Nanoheterostructures as High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion‐Battery Anodes

et al. 2015

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A robust and electrochemically stable 3D nanoheterostructure consisting of Si nanoparticles (NPs), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is developed as an anode material (Si–CNT/rGO) for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). It integrates the benefits from its three building blocks of Si NPs, CNTs, and rGO; Si NPs offer high capacity, CNTs act as a mechanical, electrically conductive support to connect Si NPs, and highly electrically conductive and flexible rGO provides a robust matrix with enough void space to accommodate the volume changes of Si NPs upon lithiation/delithiation and to simultaneously assure good electric contact. The composite material shows a high reversible capacity of 1665 mAh g−1 with good capacity retention of 88.6 % over 500 cycles when cycled at 0.5 C, that is, a 0.02 % capacity decay per cycle. The high‐power capability is demonstrated at 10 C (16.2 A g−1) where 755 mAh g−1 are delivered, thus indicating promising characteristics of this material for high‐performance LIBs.

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Tailoring of CNT surface oxygen groups by gas-phase oxidation and its implications for lithium ion batteries

Cited by 45 publications

References 20 publications

Carbon‐Based Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries, Electrochemical Capacitors, and Their Hybrid Devices

Carbon‐Based Materials for Lithium‐Ion Batteries, Electrochemical Capacitors, and Their Hybrid Devices

Controlled surface functionalization of carbon nanotubes by nitric acid vapors generated from sub-azeotropic solution

Si–CNT/rGO Nanoheterostructures as High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion‐Battery Anodes

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