“…Poor performance in these foundational courses is known to contribute to delayed degree completion or even dropout (Theil, Peterman, & Brown, 2008), among other related impacts. It has been reported that English Composition I (hereinafter, referred to as English Composition) and College Algebra played an integral role in enrollment, persistence, graduation, and success in college (González-Muñiz, Klingler, Moosai, & Raviv, 2012; Tannous & Moore, 2013; Volpe, 2011). Thus, for many freshmen students, success in these baseline courses is critical for the development of higher order critical thinking, future academic attainment, career goals, and labor market success (Adelman, 2006; Johnson & Krase, 2012; Sibulkin & Butler, 2008).…”