Tampering detection of double-compression with the same quantization parameter in HEVC video streams

Elrowayati, Ali A.; Abdullah, M. F. L.; Manaf, Azizah Abdul; Alfagi, Abdalrahman

doi:10.1109/iccsce.2017.8284400

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…The PUs represent the main block containing the prediction information, which is also sent to the decoder. PUs are divided into three main types, skipped PUs (S-PU), inter-predicted PUs (P-PUs) and intra-predicted PUs (I-PUs) [17]…”

Section: The Hevc Compression Standardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting Double and Triple Compression in HEVC Videos Using the Same Bit Rate

Youssef

Shanableh

2021

SN COMPUT. SCI.

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Digital video forensics refers to the process of analysing, examining, evaluating and comparing a video for use in legal matters. In digital video forensics, the main aim is to detect and identify video forgery to ensure a video's authenticity. When a video is edited, the original bitstream is first decoded, edited and then re-compressed. Therefore, detecting re-compression in videos is a major step in digital video forensics. Video editing can be applied many times leading to multiple compressions. Thus, finding out the compression history of a video becomes an important mean for detecting any manipulation and thereby identifying the legitimacy of a video. In this work, we propose a machine learning approach to detecting double and triple compression in videos coded using the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) format. Feature variables are extracted from Coding Units (CUs) and summarized into picture and Group of Pictures (GoP) feature vectors. Two classifiers are used for classifying videos into single, double and triple compression, namely; Random Forest (RF) and bi-directional Long Short-Term Memory (bi-LSTM). The latter classifier is important in digital video forensics as it exploits the temporal dependencies between feature vectors. In the experimental results, 127 video sequences are used for verifying the accuracy of the proposed solutions. Results are reported in terms of classification accuracy, confusion matrices, precision and recall. The experimental results revealed that both double and triple compression can be accurately detected using the proposed solutions with results superior to existing work.

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Section: The Hevc Compression Standardmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting Double and Triple Compression in HEVC Videos Using the Same Bit Rate

Youssef

Shanableh

2021

SN COMPUT. SCI.

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“…The technique was able to detect double compression attacks even if the same quantization parameters are used. However, Jiang et al 2019 [44] proposed a similar technique that relies on features extracted from different block sizes instead of 4x4 only, which could achieve better results compared to [7].…”

Section: ) Authentication Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, Yu et al (2020) [84] proposed a technique for distinguishing double HEVC compression by mixing the two approaches proposed in [7,44]. However, this work detects only whether the HEVC videos were double-compressed by a third party or not, even if it is re-compressed by the same bitrate.…”

Section: ) Authentication Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2017 [7], a new detection technique for double HEVC compression with the same quantization parameters was proposed based on some features extracted from the 4x4 transform blocks of the I-frames. The technique was able to detect double compression attacks even if the same quantization parameters are used.…”

Section: ) Authentication Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…that is full of legal challenges such as copyright protection, ownership proofing, tampering detection, and authentication [1,7,8].…”

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confidence: 99%

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HEVC Watermarking Techniques for Authentication and Copyright Applications: Challenges and Opportunities

et al. 2020

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Recently, High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC/H.265) has been chosen to replace previous video coding standards, such as H.263 and H.264. Despite the efficiency of HEVC, it still lacks reliable and practical functionalities to support authentication and copyright applications. In order to provide this support, several watermarking techniques have been proposed by many researchers during the last few years. However, those techniques are still suffering from many issues that need to be considered for future designs. In this paper, a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) is introduced to identify HEVC challenges and potential research directions for interested researchers and developers. The time scope of this SLR covers all research articles published during the last six years starting from January 2014 up to the end of April 2020. Forty-two articles have met the criteria of selection out of 343 articles published in this area during the mentioned time scope. A new classification has been drawn followed by an identification of the challenges of implementing HEVC watermarking techniques based on the analysis and discussion of those chosen articles. Eventually, recommendations for HEVC watermarking techniques have been listed to help researchers to improve the existing techniques or to design new efficient ones.

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