Tar and Nicotine in Cigarette Smoke

Pillsbury, Harold C.; Bright, Colin; Irish, F W

doi:10.1093/jaoac/52.3.458

Cited by 73 publications

(45 citation statements)

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“…The environmental conditions during analysis (temperature and humidity), during the smoking process, the set-up and operational phases for the smoking machine were as described by the relevant ISO document: ISO 8243 (ISO, 2003) for sampling modalities at the sales point; ISO 3308 (ISO, 1991a) for analytical smoking conditions: temperature 22°C ± 2°C, humidity 60 ± 5% and air flow rate of 200 mm s −1 . Total particulate matter was collected on Cambridge filter pads (Pillsbury et al, 1969), which are efficient in trapping less volatile PAH aerosol that is present in cigarette smoke and represents the industry benchmark, but may not be as efficient in collecting the more volatile fractions. The Cerulean Smoking Machine used in the present study, belonging to British American Tobacco in Rome, Italy, was calibrated and used only for the routine analysis of mainstream smoke.…”

Section: Cerulean Asm 516 Smoking Machine (Sm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

High levels of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in 20 brands of Chinese cigarettes

Akpan¹,

Huang²,

Lodovici³

et al. 2006

J. Appl. Toxicol.

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Tar and nicotine levels have been made to conform to EU standards as of 1 July 2004, but data on tobacco-derived carcinogenic compounds, such as PAH, in Chinese cigarettes are lacking in the literature. Levels of tar, nicotine, carbon monoxide and PAH were measured in 20 cigarette brands purchased in China between 2003 and 2004. Higher nicotine and tar levels were found in Chinese cigarettes than in European brands just 3 months before the above deadline; carcinogenic PAH levels were about 1.5 fold higher than in European cigarettes, but analysed singly, the mean value of benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) and dibenzo(a,h)anthracene (DBA), the most potent carcinogenic PAH yields, were 2.4 and 4.4 fold higher, respectively. Tar levels were well correlated with carcinogenic PAH (r = 0.53, P < 0.01), thus providing an easily measurable parameter for ranking various cigarette brands in developing countries where more sophisticated techniques might not be feasible for lack of funds and expertise.

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Section: Cerulean Asm 516 Smoking Machine (Sm)mentioning

confidence: 99%

High levels of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in 20 brands of Chinese cigarettes

Akpan¹,

Huang²,

Lodovici³

et al. 2006

J. Appl. Toxicol.

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show abstract

“…The environmental conditions for analysis (temperature and humidity) during the smoking process and the set-up and operational phases for the smoking machine were as described by the relevant ISO document: ISO 8243 (ISO, 2003) for sampling modalities at the sales point and ISO 3308 (ISO, 1991a) for analytical smoking conditions of 22 ± 2°C, 60 ± 5% humidity and an air flow rate of 200 mm s −1 . Total particulate matter was collected on Cambridge filter pads (Pillsbury et al, 1969), which are efficient for trapping less-volatile aerosol PAHs present in cigarette smoke and represent the industry benchmark but may not be as efficient for collecting the more volatile fractions. The Cerulean smoking machine used in the present study, belonging to Ente Tabacchi Italiano, Rome, Italy, was calibrated and used only for the routine analysis of mainstream smoke because for technical reasons we were not permitted to use the Cerulean smoking machine to collect sidestream smoke from our cigarettes.…”

Section: Cerulean Asm 516 Smoking Machinementioning

confidence: 99%

Sidestream tobacco smoke as the main predictor of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Lodovici

Akpan

Evangelisti

et al. 2004

J of Applied Toxicology

114

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Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in mainstream and sidestream tobacco smoke from 14 commercial brands of cigarettes purchased in Italy during 2001-2002. The PAHs detected in smoke and analysed with HPLC and a fluorimetric detector were: fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, chrysene, benzo[a]pyrene, benzo[b] fluoranthene, benzo[k] fluoranthene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene. The PAH levels in mainstream smoke from different cigarette brands obtained using an official smoking machine varied by about threefold (from 118 to 374 ng per cigarette for total PAHs and from 23.5 to 100 ng per cigarette for carcinogenic PAHs). Total PAH levels in mainstream smoke were correlated with tar content (r = 0.615, P < 0.05, n = 14). Total PAH content in sidestream smoke, measured by collection of all the smoke produced by a lit cigarette in a glass chamber, was about tenfold higher compared with mainstream smoke. The PAH content in sidestream smoke was relatively uniform (2.3-3.9 and 0.49-1.21 micro g per cigarette for total and carcinogenic PAHs, respectively) and was not correlated with tar content. These results indicate that cigarette manufacturing and filter characteristics influence the PAH composition of mainstream smoke, but have no effect on the PAH content in sidestream smoke, which is the main determinant of smokers' and non-smokers' exposure to PAHs in environmental tobacco smoke.

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“…A modified ISO protocol with rectangular puff profile and free (open-end) smoking was used. In order to ensure TPM and 'tar' yields for reference cigarettes obtained under FTC conditions (Federal Trade Commission, 1967;Pillsbury et al, 1969); the air velocity around the 1R4F was kept lower than 10 mm s −1 . Controlled air flow at the cigarette level is necessary for effective removal of the sidestream smoke, which may otherwise falsify the mainstream smoke results, and to control the burning process of the cigarettes in accordance with standard smoking procedures.…”

Section: Smoke Generation With Conventional Research Cigarettesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 2: Chemical composition of mainstream smoke

Stabbert

Voncken

Rustemeier

et al. 2003

J of Applied Toxicology

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The chemical composition of mainstream smoke from an electrically heated cigarette (EHC) and that of mainstream smoke from the University of Kentucky Reference Cigarette 1R4F was analyzed. In contrast to the 1R4F, which is a conventional, lit-end cigarette, the EHC is smoked in a microprocessor-controlled lighter with electrical heater elements. The electrical heating causes the tobacco under the heater element to burn at a low temperature during each puff. A comprehensive list of chemical constituents was analyzed in mainstream smoke. The list is a combination of those compounds suggested for analysis in cigarette smoke by a US Consumer Product Safety Commission proposal in 1993, and those cigarette smoke constituents identified by the International Agency on Research on Cancer as being present in cigarette smoke and characterized as carcinogens. The low pyrolysis/combustion temperature of tobacco in the EHC causes distinct shifts in the composition of the smoke compared with a conventional cigarette. A significant drop was seen in the yields of almost all toxicologically relevant constituents. On a per cigarette basis almost two-thirds of the constituents were reduced by at least 80%, whereas on an equal total particulate matter basis about two-thirds of the constituents were reduced by at least 50%, with many constituents reduced by more than 90%.

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Tar and Nicotine in Cigarette Smoke

Cited by 73 publications

References 0 publications

High levels of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in 20 brands of Chinese cigarettes

High levels of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in 20 brands of Chinese cigarettes

Sidestream tobacco smoke as the main predictor of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 2: Chemical composition of mainstream smoke

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