Tardive dyskinesia in long term hospitalized patients with schizophrenia

Abstract

Tardive dyskinesia in long term hospitalized patients with schizophreniaObjective: Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a group of delayed-onset iatrogenic movement disorders caused by dopamine receptor-blocking agents. TD prevalence is estimated as 20-50% of all patients treated with neuroleptics. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence rate of TD in long-term hospitalized patients with schizophrenia. Method:We recorded age, gender, duration and type (first/second generation or mixed) of medication both at the time of interview and over preceding years. Dyskinesia was assessed by using the Abnormal Involuntary Movements Scale (AIMS). We also used the Simpson-Angus Scale for tardive parkinsonism.Akathisia was measured using the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS).Results: Mean duration of the longest used antipsychotic was 206.63 months. Probable TD was found in 18 (22.5%) of patients. None of the patients had tardive akathisia. Relation between type of the longest used treatment and prevalence of TD was not statistically significant. Relationship between type of ongoing treatment and prevalence of TD was not determined statistically significant either. There was a statistically significant relationship between the mean age and TD.Discussion: Despite very long duration of antipsychotic use, 22.5% rate of prevalence is still lower than expected. This can be explained that these patients are under direct and close follow-up of healthcare providers and in hospital conditions, so that risky conditions can be intervened rapidly. Another noteworthy finding of our study is that there is no statistically significant difference betwen first and second generation antipsychotic use and TD prevalence. Sonuç: Uzun süreli ilaç kullanımı olan bir grupta %22.5 oranı, yine de, beklenenden düşüktür. Hastaların hastane ortamında ve sağlık çalışanları gözetiminde doğrudan ve yakın izlemde olmaları ve risk oluşturabilecek durumlara erken müdahale edilmesi bu durum için bir açıklama olabilir. 1. ve 2. kuşak antipsikotik kullanımıyla ile TD yaygınlığı arasında çalışmamızda istatistik olarak anlamlı fark bulunmamısı da bir diğer önemli bulgudur.

Prevalence and associated factors of Tardive dyskinesia among psychiatric patients on first-generation antipsychotics at Jimma University specialized hospital, psychiatric clinic, Ethiopia: Institution based a cross-sectional study

“…On the other hand, the prevalence is greater than that found in Arab among psychotic patients treated with first-generation antipsychotic which shows the prevalence was 5.9% [9]. The present study result is also lower than the findings of studies done in Turkey and Indian [13,14] in which the prevalence of first-generation antipsychotics induced TD was 22.5% and 26.4% respectively. This variation could be due to different possible reasons like characteristics of the participants.…”

An evaluation of the disability, insight and self‐care agency of schizophrenia patients

“…Studies have reported that males have a higher lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia than females. 29,30 A Dutch study found that schizophrenia patients had lower academic achievement. 31 A study in North Malawi determined that 77% of schizophrenia patients had elementary school education levels or less.…”

“…This study evaluated the disability, insight and self‐care agency of schizophrenia patients, taking into consideration that schizophrenia has positive and negative symptoms. Studies have reported that males have a higher lifetime prevalence of schizophrenia than females 29,30 . A Dutch study found that schizophrenia patients had lower academic achievement 31 .…”

Tardive Dyskinesia Due to Short-Term and Low-Dose Use of Trifluoperazine: A Case Report

“…When TD ratios were grouped by age, increased risk was found in women over 51 years of age. However, there are also documents in the literature showing that there is no relationship between gender and TD incidence (5). Extrapyramidal symptoms as a result of long-term use of antipsychotics, anticholinergic, use of antiparkinsonian agents, organic brain damage, mental retardation, negative symptoms of schizophrenia, mood disorders, smoking, alcohol and substance use, diabetes mellitus, malnutrition and vitamin deficiencies are other important risk factors (1,6).…”