“…Among metallic oxide nanoparticles, semiconductor-based photocatalysts have received significant attention due to their various shape-dependent characteristics, low cost, chemical stability, and environmentally friendly features. − In the areas of water treatment, food production, biomedical, and environmental fields, nanocomposites are highly significant. These newly discovered materials have a rapid role in inhibiting bacteria development and help in the fight against antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the healthcare system. , However, most metal binary oxides suffer from limited response to visible light due to their large band gap ( E g > 3 eV), such as TiO 2 and ZnO. Other studies are exploring new narrow-band-gap semiconductors, such as bismuth-based semiconductors, because they are chemically stable and nontoxic and exhibit visible light photocatalytic properties. − Among the semiconductor photocatalysts, bismuth vanadate BiVO 4 has received a great deal of research interest due to its distinct physical and chemical features, including its ability to degrade substances and pathogens in water treatment, its role as an antimicrobial agent, and its nontoxicity for cells in biomedical applications. − The narrow band gap (2.4 eV) and suitable band positions of BiVO 4 make it an excellent photocatalyst under sunlight. − Various methods have been used to synthesize BiVO 4 , such as sol–gel, precipitation, and microwave synthesis. − In recent years, the hydrothermal method has been widely used to create bismuth complexes due to its moderate preparation conditions, such as a relatively low temperature, short reaction time, controllable pH, and other factors.…”