Task‐unrelated thoughts of college students diagnosed as hyperactive in childhood

Shaw, Geraldine A.; Giambra, Leonard M.

doi:10.1080/87565649309540541

Cited by 150 publications

(162 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In a study of college-level students, individuals with a history of ADHD reported high frequencies of mind wandering relative to control participants (Shaw & Giambra, 1993). In this study, the authors differentiated between deliberate mind wandering (i.e., experiences that the individual was aware of having) and nondeliberate mind wandering (i.e., episodes that occurred spontaneously).…”

Section: Awareness Of Mind Wandering and Metacognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Counting the cost of an absent mind: Mind wandering as an underrecognized influence on educational performance

Smallwood

Fishman

Schooler

2007

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

322

271

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Section: Awareness Of Mind Wandering and Metacognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A second population with elevated mind wandering is individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; Shaw & Giambra, 1993). ADHD is associated with a history of poor inhibitory skills (Barkley, 1997;Nigg, 2001).…”

Section: Awareness Of Mind Wandering and Metacognitionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Counting the cost of an absent mind: Mind wandering as an underrecognized influence on educational performance

Smallwood

Fishman

Schooler

2007

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

322

271

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“…Shaw and Brown (1999) report that students who show higher levels of ADHD-like behavior indicate to have more interest in searching for stimulating and ''risky'' types of activities. Other studies provide evidence of a positive relationship between the occurrence of ADHD in childhood and the level of sensation seeking as a college student (Shaw and Giambra 1993) and the level of risk taking in adulthood (Olazagasti et al 2013). This may lead (young) adults who exhibit ADHD-like behavior to be attracted to more risky jobs such as sales, stock brokerage and entrepreneurship (Weiss and Murray 2003).…”

Section: The Mediating Role Of Risk Taking Propensitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individuals who experience ADHD-like behavior, such as restlessness and hyperactivity, tend to experience a chronic state of ''under-arousal'' (Shaw and Giambra 1993;White 1999). According to the optimal stimulation theory (Zentall and Zentall 1983), individuals who are exposed to ongoing low levels of incoming sensory stimulation have the habit to respond by showing ''deviating'' behavior aimed at increasing the level of sensory inputs.…”

Section: The Mediating Role Of Risk Taking Propensitymentioning

confidence: 99%

ADHD-like behavior and entrepreneurial intentions

et al. 2015

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Little is known about the relation between entrepreneurship and the extent of psychiatric symptoms. Validated psychiatric symptom scores are seldom used for non-clinical reasons. One prevalent symptom that deserves our interest is Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). ADHD is a developmental disorder characterized by inattentiveness and hyperactivity that has been linked to occupational choice and performance. Building on the person-environment fit literature, we hypothesize that individuals who exhibit behavior associated with ADHD are more likely to have entrepreneurial intentions. Using a sample of 10,104 students enrolled in higher education, we can confirm our prediction that students with a higher level of ADHD-like behavior are more likely to have entrepreneurial intentions. Additionally, we show that risk taking propensity is a mediator that partly explains this positive effect. Our study points to the importance of behavioral tendencies associated with developmental disorders, when making entrepreneurship decisions. Our study contributes to the literature on the determinants of entrepreneurship, which so far has largely neglected the effects of psychiatric symptoms on entrepreneurship.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article

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“…Of the three groups, subjects diagnosed as having ADHD had more spontaneous TUTs. These results are consistent with biological models.A recent research report has demonstrated a relationship between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and spontaneous thoughts (Shaw & Giambra, 1993). Another recent study has provided evidence that adult ADHD individuals are prone to drug and alcohol use (Mannuzza et al , 1991).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Intrusive thoughts, sensation seeking, and drug use in college students

Hines

Shaw

1993

Bull. Psychon. Soc.

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The relationships between drug use, task-unrelated thoughts (TUTs), self-reported sensation seeking, retrospective self-reported personality characteristics, laterality, eye dominance, and allergies in collegestudents who were diagnosed in childhoodas having attention deficitlhyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was investigated. Three groups (high-and low-activity and ADHD subjects) reported both spontaneous and deliberate TUTs during a vigilance task. Intrusive thoughts were found to be predictive of drug use/attitudes, but, to a greater extent, sensation seeking accounted for most drug-related behavior. Left-eye dominance was related to increased childhood hyperactive behaviors and to spontaneous TUTs. Of the three groups, subjects diagnosed as having ADHD had more spontaneous TUTs. These results are consistent with biological models.A recent research report has demonstrated a relationship between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and spontaneous thoughts (Shaw & Giambra, 1993). Another recent study has provided evidence that adult ADHD individuals are prone to drug and alcohol use (Mannuzza et al. , 1991). A plausible implication of these two studies is that ADHD persons wish to stop the discomfort of unbidden thoughts. This suggested relationship deserves investigation .The main findings of Shaw and Giambra (1993) were that subjects diagnosed with ADHD as children exhibited the greatest frequency of spontaneous thoughts , left-eye dominance , and sensation seeking. Shaw and Giambra (1993) stated that our ADHD individuals , hypoaroused and seeking optimum levels of sensation (or perhaps increasingly aroused because boredom is extreme ly stressful to them) have higher levels of nonconscious processing (from fleeting sensory input and/or previous thought ) and subsequent semantic activation . The results of these processes emerge rapidly into consciousnes s as spontaneous thoughts. In ADHD individuals, the uncontrolled spontaneous thoughts may be disrupting attention such that they cannot concentrate on the task at hand. In other words , when ADHD individuals are bored their semantic activation processes seem more random and may cause mental discomfort to these individuals resulting in poor coordination of attentional and inhibitional processes . (p. 28)The two general theories used by Shaw and Giambra (1993) to explain intrusive thoughts in ADHD persons involved arousal levels and impulsivity. Klove (1989) cites a great deal of evidence supporting the hypoarousal hypothesis, which states that ADHD children seem to need stimulation as a result of underarousal in the reticular activating system and cortex. Zuckerman (1979Zuckerman ( , 1983 We are grateful to L. M. Giambra and E. Rosenberg , of the National Institute on Aging, for allowing us to use the computer task, and to the students who served as our subjects. Requests for reprints should be sent to G. A. Shaw, Department of Psychology , Georgetown College , KY 40324 .views sensation seeking as a stable, biologically based personality trait defined a...

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Task‐unrelated thoughts of college students diagnosed as hyperactive in childhood

Cited by 150 publications

References 12 publications

Counting the cost of an absent mind: Mind wandering as an underrecognized influence on educational performance

Counting the cost of an absent mind: Mind wandering as an underrecognized influence on educational performance

ADHD-like behavior and entrepreneurial intentions

Intrusive thoughts, sensation seeking, and drug use in college students

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