Taste aversions induced by d-amphetamine: Dose-response relationship

Abstract

Learned taste aversions, as measured by increased time to complete 100 licks of a milk solution 3 days after training, were induced in rats by a single pairing of sweetened condensed milk solution with doses of 1.0 to 4.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine sulfate. This result supports previous findings of aversions induced by 2.0 mg/kg d-amphetamine in several other paradigms and suggests that a dose of 1.0 mg/kg also induces reliable aversions.

RESPONSE SUPPRESSION BY VISUAL STIMULI PAIRED WITH POSTSESSION d‐AMPHETAMINE INJECTIONS IN THE PIGEON

“…This has also been shown for consummatory behavior (Cappell & LeBlanc, 1973;Nathan & Vogel, 1975 (Cappell, LeBlanc, & Herling, 1975;Vogel & Nathan, 1976), prior experience with drug-paired stimuli can also accentuate suppression. The suppression of responding by stimuli paired with 1.0 mg/kg following exposure to stimuli paired with 3.0 mg/kg was durable and persisted until the dose was decreased to .3 mg/kg.…”

“…Figure 5 (left panel) shows cumulative response records of performances under the fixed-ratio 30-response schedule during a session without drug-paired stimuli; responding typically occurred at a high sustained rate throughout the entire session. Figure 5 (Cappell & LeBlanc, 1973; Nathan &c Vogel, 1975). Because prior exposure to a drug can modify the suppressive effects of stimuli paired with that drug (Vogel &c Nathan, 1976), repeated pairings with different doses in individual subjects might be expected to modify the initial effects of that stimulus.…”

“…Figure 5 (right panels) shows responding for d-amphetamine sessions with 1.0 mg/kg postsession doses that followed a series of d-amphetamine sessions with 3.0 mg/kg postsession doses. Responding was completely suppressed after the first few (Cappell & LeBlanc, 1973; Nathan &c Vogel, 1975). Because prior exposure to a drug can modify the suppressive effects of stimuli paired with that drug (Vogel &c Nathan, 1976), repeated pairings with different doses in individual subjects might be expected to modify the initial effects of that stimulus.…”

Conditioned taste aversion, drugs of abuse and palatability

“…Beginning in the late 1960s, it was discovered that drugs of abuse could suppress intake of an associated taste CS, the traditional behavioral hallmark of CTAs (e.g., Berger, 1972; Cappell & LeBlanc, 1971; Cappell, LeBlanc, & Endrenyi, 1973; Carey, 1973; Davison & House, 1975; Goudie, Dickins & Thornton, 1978; Kay, 1975; Le Magnen, 1969; Nachman, Lester, & Le Magnen, 1970; Nathan & Vogel, 1975; Riley, Jacobs, & LoLordo, 1978; Vogel & Nathan, 1975; for reviews see Davis & Riley, 2010; Hunt & Amit, 1987; Riley, 2011). Complicating the straightforward interpretation that drugs of abuse induce CTAs is the simple fact that the same drugs are self-administered by humans and other animals and support conditioned place preference learning (see Bardo & Bevins, 2000; Carr, Fibiger, & Phillips; 1989; Jaffe, 1970; Schechter & Calcagnetti, 1993; Schuster & Thompson, 1969; Tzschentke, 1998, 2007; van Rees, 1979; Weeks, 1962).…”

Reduced palatability in drug-induced taste aversion: I. Variations in the initial value of the conditioned stimulus.

“…Moreover, as with illness-induced CTAs, the strength of the drug-induced aversion is directly related to the dose of the psychoactive drug (e.g., Berger, 1972; Davison & House, 1975; Nathan & Vogel, 1975). Given that the behavioral effect of the drug of abuse on CS intake appeared identical to the behavioral effect of the illness US, it is not surprising that such drugs were considered to support the development of CTAs.…”