Taxonomical revision of fossil Canis in Middle Pleistocene sites of Zhoukoudian, Beijing, China and a review of fossil records of Canis mosbachensis variabilis in China

The Wolf From Dmanisi and Augmented Reality: Review, Implications, and Opportunities

“…This fossil comparative sample includes specimens of Canis arnensis Del Campana, 1913 and C. etruscus from the Italian sites of Olivola, Upper Valdarno Basin, Coste San Giacomo, and Pantalla (Cherin et al, 2014); Canis apolloniensis Koufos and Kostopoulos (1997) from Apollonia-1 (Koufos, 2018); Canis chihliensis and Canis palmidens from Yushe Basin (Rook, 1993(Rook, , 1994; remains of C. mosbachensis Soergel, 1925from Cueva Victoria, Vallparadís (Bartolini Lucenti et al, 2017, Pirro Nord (Petrucci et al, 2013), 'Ubeidiya (Martínez-Navarro et al, 2009), Untermassfeld (Sotnikova, 2001), and Zhoukoudian (Jiangzuo et al, 2018). The relevant literature on the late Villafranchian canids was inspected (Del Campana, 1913;Crusafont Pairó, 1950;Thenius, 1954;Torre, 1967Torre, , 1974Torre, , 1979Bonifay, 1971;Kurtén, 1974;Pons-Moyà and Moyà-Solà, 1978;Pons-Moyà, 1981; Koufos and Kostopoulos, 1997;Wang et al, 1999;Sotnikova, 2001;Garrido and Arribas, 2008;Lacombat et al, 2008;Tedford et al, 2009;Petrucci et al, 2013;Cherin et al, 2014;Koufos, 2014Koufos, , 2018Bartolini Lucenti and Rook, 2016;Amri et al, 2017;Mecozzi et al, 2017;Jiangzuo et al, 2018). Extant specimens housed at the AMNH, MZUF, ICP, and MG-GNM (see abbreviation below) were also used for morphological and morphometrical comparisons.…”

“…The morphological and morphometrical similarity between the C. borjgali and C. mosbachensis supports the idea of close relationship between the two species. Some authors (Bartolini Lucenti et al, 2017;Jiangzuo et al, 2018) reinterpreted the idea of direct ancestry between C. mosbachensis and C. lupus, putting FIGURE 6 | QR code linking to the web app for Augmented Reality (AR) visualization of the 3D model of the skull D64. Instructions: Scan the QR code on the left; open the link; allow the browser to access the camera of your device; point the camera toward the marker (on the right); and wait for the model to load (up to 10 seconds).…”

A new species of dog from the Early Pleistocene site of Venta Micena (Orce, Baza Basin, Spain)

“…Tedford et al 2009) put forward the idea that the Asian Canis variabilis Pei, 1934 might be related to C. mosbachensis, which would imply a wide Palearctic geographic range for this C. mosbachensis-C. variabilis group. This hypothesis was recently supported by Jiangzuo et al (2018), who suggested the attribution of C. variabilis to the subspecies C. mosbachensis variabilis. Both the wide geographical distribution of C. mosbachensis-like taxa and their time-extended record support the hypothesis of a close relationship with the C. lupus-lineage (Bartolini Lucenti et al 2017).…”

“…sp., e.g. those of C. mosbachensis of Gongwangling (see Jiangzuo et al 2018). Nevertheless, as for the European C. mosbachensis, the M1 hypocone of C. orcensis n. sp.…”

“…Canis chihliensis from Nihewan has conspicuously enlarged buccal cuspids on the m2, unlike the morphology possessed by C. orcensis n. sp. In comparison to the extensive record of the late early-middle Pleistocene C. mosbachensis variabilis from Zhoukoudian localities (Jiangzuo et al 2018), some differences can be listed. Whereas the P4 paracone and metastyle are similar to those of C. orcensis n.…”