Taxonomy of the genus Xanthomonas

Vauterin, Luc; Hoste, Bart; Yang, Ping; Alvarez, Anne M.; Kersters, Karel; Swings, Jean

doi:10.1007/978-94-011-1526-1_3

Cited by 54 publications

(94 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…( Table 1). The second set comprised the type and pathotype strains of the 20 Xanthomonas species described in the revised classification of Vauterin et al (1995) Suslow et al (1982). Motility was observed from bacterial suspensions grown in nutrient broth (yeast extract, 7 g l − " ; Bacto Peptone, 7 g l − " ; pH 7) under a compound microscope (magnification i400).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Classification has been partially clarified by Vauterin et al (1995) who described 20 species from amongst the three former species, X. axonopodis, X. fragariae and X. albilineans, and 62 pathovars of X. campestris, on the basis of DNA-DNA hybridization data and biochemical and physiological tests (Vauterin et al, 1995). Sixty-six other pathovars of X. campestris were not included in their study and remain to be classified among the 20 described species or in other new species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Genomic and phenotypic characterization of Xanthomonas cynarae sp. nov., a new species that causes bacterial bract spot of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.).

Trébaol¹,

Gardan²,

Manceau³

et al. 2000

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

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A bacterial disease of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) was first observed in 1954 in Brittany and the Loire Valley, France. This disease causes water-soaked spots on bracts and depreciates marketability of the harvest. Ten strains of the pathogen causing bacterial spot of artichoke, previously identified as a member of the genus Xanthomonas, were characterized and compared with type and pathotype strains of the 20 Xanthomonas species using a polyphasic study including both phenotypic and genomic methods. The ten strains presented general morphological, biochemical and physiological traits and GMC content characteristic of the genus Xanthomonas. Sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene confirmed that this bacterium belongs to the genus Xanthomonas, and more precisely to the Xanthomonas campestris core. DNA-DNA hybridization results showed that the strains that cause bacterial spot of artichoke were 92-100 % related to the proposed type strain CFBP 4188 T and constituted a discrete DNA homology group that was distinct from the 20 previously described Xanthomonas species. The results of numerical analysis were in accordance with DNA-DNA hybridization data. Strains causing the bacterial bract spot of artichoke exhibited consistent determinative biochemical characteristics, which distinguished them from the 20 other Xanthomonas species previously described. Furthermore, pathogenicity tests allowed specific identification of this new phytopathogenic bacterium. Thus, it is concluded that this bacterium is a new species belonging to the genus Xanthomonas, for which the name Xanthomonas cynarae is proposed. The type strain, CFBP 4188 T , has been deposited in the Collection Franc: aise des Bacte! ries Phytopathoge ' nes (CFBP).

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genomic and phenotypic characterization of Xanthomonas cynarae sp. nov., a new species that causes bacterial bract spot of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.).

Trébaol¹,

Gardan²,

Manceau³

et al. 2000

International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology

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“…Identification criteria that unambiguously distinguish the 20 Xanthomonas genomic groups may not exist. It has been pointed out by using Xanthomonas strains as examples that attempts to divide biological populations into clear taxa is inconsistent with the real biological space, which harbors a continuum of cloudy condensed nodes rather than discrete taxa (47), and therefore it may be impossible to provide keys to unambiguously identify such taxa. Nevertheless, we believe that our results illustrate that the Biolog GN microplate system is a sensitive technique for differentiating the plant-pathogenic xanthomonads and that it is a useful tool for helping locate unknown xanthomonads in the new genomic classification.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reclassification of Xanthomonas

Vauterin

Hoste

Kersters

et al. 1995

International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology

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868

701

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A comprehensive DNA-DNA hybridization study was performed by using 183 strains of the genus Xanthomonus. This genus was shown to comprise 20 DNA homology groups which are considered genomic species. Four groups corresponded to the previously described species Xanthomonas albilineans, Xanthomonas fiagariae, Xanthomonas oryzae, and Xanthomonas populi. The previously described species Xanthomonas campestris was heterogeneous and was divided into 16 DNA homology groups. One of these groups exhibited a high level of DNA homology with Xanthomonas axonopodis. The 62 pathovars represented in this study were. allocated to appropriate species. Our results, together with previous taxonomic data, supported a comprehensive revision of the classification of the genus Xanthomonas. The species X. albilineans, X. jiagarke, X. oryme, and X. populi are not affected. The type species of the genus,X. campestris (Pammell895) Dowson 1939, is emended to include only the pathovars obtained from crucifers (i.e., X. campestris pv. aberrans, X. campestris pv. armoraciae, X. campestris pv. barbareae, X. campestris pv. campestris, X. campestris pv. incanae, and X. campestris pv. raphani). vesicatoria. Differentiating characteristics were determined for the new species on the basis of metabolic activity on a range of carbon substrates by using the Biolog GN microplate system. X. axonopodisIn the past, the taxonomy of bacteria has been dominated by a phenetic approach, and many classification systems have been and still are based on what were thought to be important phenotypic properties. The taxonomy of the genus Xanthomonas has followed this tendency in that a single phenotypic feature, host specificity, has determined the classification of the genus. Since the first report of a xanthomonad (55) until 1974, it was common practice to define a plant-pathogenic xanthomonad isolated from a new host plant as a new Xanthomonas species. The unreasonable number of nomenspecies resulting from this practice was drastically reduced by Dye and Lelliott (19), who justified their reclassification by referring to the impossibility of differentiating nomenspecies by any feature other than host specificity (10,17). Later, names of former nomenspecies were preserved in a special-purpose classification (18) as Xanthomonas campestris pathovar names.The original classification of the genus Xanthomonas, in which all of the phytopathological variants of X campestris were recognized as separate species, was not sound taxonomically. With the exception of the ambiguous feature of host specificity, few biochemical and phenotypic characteristics were used to differentiate the species. In the last few years, * Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratorium voor Microbiologie, Universiteit Gent, Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.workers have provided evidence that the current classification, in whichX. campestris contains more than 140 pathovars, is not a reflection of genomic relationships. The first DNA hybridization experiments performed with Xanthomonas...

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“…phaseoli (Dye et al, 1980). Following taxonomical revision of the Xanthomonas genus, this pathovar was transferred to X. axonopodis, fuscous strains forming a variant within this pathovar (Vauterin et al, 1995(Vauterin et al, , 2000 The diversity of non-fuscous strains causing CBB was revealed by repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (rep-PCR) (Mkandawire et al, 2004), amplified fragment length polymorphism (Alavi et al, 2008) and multilocus sequence analysis (Mhedbi-Hajri et al, 2013). One genetic lineage of nonfuscous strains belongs to X. axononopodis rep-PCR group 4 as defined by Rademaker and colleagues (2005), while two other genetic lineages of non-fuscous strains and the fuscans variant belong to X. axononopodis rep-PCR group 6 (Alavi et al, 2008;Mhedbi-Hajri et al, 2013).…”

Section: Taxonomymentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation ofXanthomonas axonopodispv.phaseoliandXanthomonas fuscanssubsp.fuscans

2014

EFSA Journal

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The European Commission requested the EFSA Panel on Plant Health to perform a pest categorisation for Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli. In reaching its conclusions, the Panel considered four parameters to be of critical importance in the risk assessment area: (i) the presence and distribution of X. campestris pv. phaseoli in the risk assessment area and its potential for spread; (ii) the existence and the distribution of the main host plants throughout the European Union (EU); (iii) the potential for damage to crops grown in Europe; and (iv) the implementation of pest control strategies and cultural measures. The organisms formerly identified as X. campestris pv. phaseoli have proven to be genetically diverse and are currently known as Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans and Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli. Based on its analysis, the Panel concluded that the identity of these pathogens is clearly defined and their distribution involves limited areas or regions in the EU, although with a medium uncertainty. The main dispersal pathway for these pathogens is contaminated seeds. In addition, the Panel noted that host plants are widely cropped throughout the EU, common bean Phaseolus vulgaris being of great commercial importance, not only for consumption-fresh, canned, deep frozen and dried-but also for the seed industry. Currently, the impact of common bacterial blight is limited in the EU as a consequence of seed testing. Finally, the Panel concluded that moderate to high consequences, in terms of yield and quality losses, are expected for beans, especially if weather conditions are conducive to disease and seed inoculum no longer contained. © European Food Safety Authority, 2014 KEY WORDSXanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli, Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans, common bacterial blight of beans, bacterial leaf pustule and fuscous blight of bean, quarantine pest, regulated non-quarantine pest

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Taxonomy of the genus Xanthomonas

Cited by 54 publications

References 89 publications

Genomic and phenotypic characterization of Xanthomonas cynarae sp. nov., a new species that causes bacterial bract spot of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.).

Genomic and phenotypic characterization of Xanthomonas cynarae sp. nov., a new species that causes bacterial bract spot of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.).

Reclassification of Xanthomonas

Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation ofXanthomonas axonopodispv.phaseoliandXanthomonas fuscanssubsp.fuscans

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