TB case-finding in southern Ethiopia

Shargie, Estifanos Biru; Mørkve, Odd; Lindtjørn, Bernt

doi:10.2471/blt.05.024489

Cited by 50 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…However, it is higher than the 197/100,000 py from Guinea-Bissau [54] and the 207/100,000 py from Southern Ethiopia [15]. Nonetheless, it is lower than the 311/100,000 py reported from Northern Ethiopia [11].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…The 214/100,000 py incidence rate of PTB+ cases in this study is similar to the 212/100,000 py reported from South Africa [ 53 ]. However, it is higher than the 197/100,000 py from Guinea-Bissau [ 54 ] and the 207/100,000 py from Southern Ethiopia [ 15 ]. Nonetheless, it is lower than the 311/100,000 py reported from Northern Ethiopia [ 11 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Prevalence and Incidence of Smear-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Hetosa District of Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State of Central Ethiopia

et al. 2017

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BackgroundThe real burden of smear-positive (PTB+) and bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis (BCTB) in Ethiopia is not known. Thus, the aim of this community-based study was to measure the prevalence and incidence of tuberculosis in the Hetosa District of Oromia Region, Ethiopia.MethodsFirst, a population-based cross-sectional survey was conducted on a total of 33,073 individuals aged ≥ 15 years to determine the prevalence of PTB+ and BCTB cases. Then, in order to determine the incidence, a prospective follow-up was carried out on 32,800 individuals found to be either free from symptoms suggestive of TB (SSTB) during the baseline survey or had symptoms suggestive of TB but yielded negative bacteriological examination results. We identified 1,041 presumptive TB cases at the baseline survey, and 1,468 in the follow-up study. Each participants with cough of more than two weeks were provided spot and morning sputum samples for acid-fast bacilli sputum microscopy and culture.ResultsAt the baseline survey, 43 BCTB cases were identified. Thirty six of these were both smear- and culture-positive while seven were only culture-positive. In the follow-up study, however, 76 BCTB cases were diagnosed and 70 of these were found to be both smear- and culture-positive while six were culture-positive only. The adjusted prevalence of PTB+ and BCTB in the study area was 109 and 132/100,000 persons, respectively. Moreover, the incidences of PTB+ and BCTB were 214 and 232/100,000 persons per year (py), respectively. The ratio of the passive to active case finding was 1:0.96 (45/43). For every TB case identified through the existing passive case diagnosis, there was an almost equal number (0.96) of undiagnosed infectious TB cases in the community. A family history of TB contact was independently associated with a high risk of TB (TB prevalence, AOR, 13; 95% CI: 6.55–15.33) and (TB incidence, aIRR 4.11, 95% CI: 2.18–7.77).Conclusions and recommendationsThe prevalence and incidence of smear-positive and bacteriologically confirmed TB cases were high in the study area. For every case of smear-positive TB receiving treatment, there was an almost equal (0.96) number of undetected infectious bacteriologically confirmed TB case in the community. The high proportion of undetected infectious TB cases in the community could possibly be due to the sub-optimal performance of Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) in detecting 70% of infectious TB cases, as well as attaining a cure rate of 85% in the study area. Family history of TB contact has substantaially increased the risk of developing the disease, and there is a need to improve ways of identifying TB cases and intensify mechanisms of tracing contacts among household members of PTB+ cases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Prevalence and Incidence of Smear-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Hetosa District of Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State of Central Ethiopia

et al. 2017

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“…Randomizing both control and intervention areas adds strength to the results. 21 – 22 If randomization is not feasible, external factors should be systematically monitored and documented, and their effect on case notification in both evaluation and control populations estimated. Examples of such factors are the introduction or closure of other interventions affecting case notification, or political and natural events that impact health seeking or shape the effectiveness of screening efforts ( Box 1 ).…”

Section: A Pragmatic Framework For Monitoring and Evaluating Tb Case mentioning

confidence: 99%

A pragmatic approach to measuring, monitoring and evaluating interventions for improved tuberculosis case detection

Blok

Creswell²,

Stevens³

et al. 2014

International Health

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The inability to detect all individuals with active tuberculosis has led to a growing interest in new approaches to improve case detection. Policy makers and program staff face important challenges measuring effectiveness of newly introduced interventions and reviewing feasibility of scaling-up successful approaches. While robust research will continue to be needed to document impact and influence policy, it may not always be feasible for all interventions and programmatic evidence is also critical to understand what can be expected in routine settings. The effects of interventions on early and improved tuberculosis detection can be documented through well-designed program evaluations. We present a pragmatic framework for evaluating and measuring the effect of improved case detection strategies using systematically collected intervention data in combination with routine tuberculosis notification data applying historical and contemporary controls. Standardized process evaluation and systematic documentation of program implementation design, cost and context will contribute to explaining observed levels of success and may help to identify conditions needed for success. Findings can then guide decisions on scale-up and replication in different target populations and settings.

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“…Furthermore, research Pérez-Guerra, Zielinski-Gutierrez, Vargas-Torres and Clark (2009) concluded that suggested strategies to motivate citizen action included working with government agencies to address structural issues that increase mosquito populations, improve access to information on garbage collection and drainage through telephone hotlines, improve publications and information about dengue through media mass campaigns, and educating healthprofessionals. Shargie, Mørkve and Lindtjørn (2006) conducted a 4 days training program for public health workers on case detection, diagnostic procedures, outreach coordination, handling of sputum specimens, interview techniques, and record-keeping. Meanwhile, community health promoters held discussions with community leaders to set an appropriate monthly date for a diagnostic outreach clinic.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Marketing on Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Program in Pati, Central Java

Sulaeman¹,

Murti²,

Waryana³

2017

Multisectoral Action to Combat Regional and Social Inequities in Health

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Background: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) and Tuberculosis (TB) are two major infectious diseases of public health importance. The increasing incidence of these diseases was related to unhealthy behaviors among community members. Social marketing, the use of marketing to design and implement programs to promote socially beneficial behavior change, has grown in popularity and usage within the public health community. Despite this growth, many public health professionals have an incomplete understanding of the field. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of social marketing in the prevention and control of DHF and TB. Subjects and Method: This was a sequential mixed method study with qualitative study preceding the quantitative study. This study was conducted in Pati District, Central Java. A sample of 55 participants were selected for this study consisting of 40 members of community and 15 health personnel. The dependent variable was knowledge in social marketing, DHF, and tuberculosis. The independent variables was social marketing training. The data were collected by in-depth interview and survey. The qualitative data were analyzed by content analysis. The quantitative data were analyzed by paired t-test to look at changes in the outcome variable before and after social marketing. Results: Training in social marketing was held with 30 health cadres as participants. The social marketing target group was community leaders. The expected behavior change included vector control using mosquito impregnated bednet and tuberculosis case finding. Knowledge on the use of social marketing method to promote DHF and tuberculosis prevention and control among health cadres increased significantly after training (p<0.001). Conclusion: Social marketing can be used to promote DHF and tuberculosis prevention and control through health cadres, with community leaders as the primary marketing target group.

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TB case-finding in southern Ethiopia

Cited by 50 publications

References 20 publications

Prevalence and Incidence of Smear-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Hetosa District of Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State of Central Ethiopia

Prevalence and Incidence of Smear-Positive Pulmonary Tuberculosis in the Hetosa District of Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State of Central Ethiopia

A pragmatic approach to measuring, monitoring and evaluating interventions for improved tuberculosis case detection

Social Marketing on Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever and Tuberculosis Prevention and Control Program in Pati, Central Java

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