TDMA-Based MAC Protocols for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks: A Survey, Qualitative Analysis, and Open Research Issues

Abstract

Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks (VANETs) have attracted a lot of attention in the research community in recent years due to their promising applications. VANETs help improve traffic safety and efficiency. Each vehicle can exchange information to inform other vehicles about the current status of the traffic flow or a dangerous situation such as an accident. Road safety and traffic management applications require a reliable communication scheme with minimal transmission collisions, which thus increase the need for an efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol. However, the design of the MAC in a vehicular network is a challenging task due to the high speed of the nodes, the frequent changes in topology, the lack of an infrastructure, and various QoS requirements. Recently several Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)-based medium access control protocols have been proposed for VANETs in an attempt to ensure that all the vehicles have enough time to send safety messages without collisions and to reduce the end-to-end delay and the packet loss ratio. In this paper, we identify the reasons for using the collision-free medium access control paradigm in VANETs. We then present a novel topology-based classification and we provide an overview of TDMA-based MAC protocols that have been proposed for VANETs. We focus on the characteristics of these protocols, as well as on their benefits and limitations. Finally, we give a qualitative comparison, and we discuss some open issues that need to be tackled in future studies in order to improve the performance of TDMA-based MAC protocols for vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communications.

An Adaptive Acknowledgement On-demand Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks

“…In fact, the duration of the active time depends on both the data transfer speed of the network and the type of protocol used in the network (Hadded et al, 2015). In this section, we focus only on the latter and compare the results of using ACK, No-ACK and mixed modes in sensors networks.…”

“…In this paper, the presented protocol is based on TDMA scheme because it is one of the promising approaches for latency and energy efficient prioritized applications in low power WSNs (Hadded et al, 2015). For instance, the TDMA-based e-health WSNs (Gama et al, 2010) and a resource allocation scheme in wireless body sensor networks (Liu et al, 2016) were implemented with TDMA to optimize both energy efficiency and quality of service (QoS).…”

A Comprehensive Performance Analysis of IEEE 802.11p based MAC for Vehicular Communications Under Non-saturated Conditions

“…In VANETs, the MAC layer of 802.11p uses enhanced distributed channel access (EDCA) based on carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA), which is derived from IEEE 802.11e to improve the quality of service (QoS) [3]. Generally, prioritization in the EDCA scheme is achieved by changing the contention window (CW) and the arbitration inter-frame space (AIFS) sizes, which increase the probability of successful medium access for real-time messages [4]. Typically, higher priority is given to safety messages while non-safety messages are lower in priority.…”

TDMA-based MAC Protocol for Implementation of Ultra-low latency in Vehicular networks

“…TDMA 기반 MAC 프로토콜은 어떤 토폴로지에서 동작 하는 지에 따라 세 가지로 범주화할 수 있다 [1] . 먼저 완전 분배 방식에서 동작하는 MAC 프로토콜(TDMA-based MAC protocols in a fully-distributed VANET, TDV)은 cell이라 불리는 그룹 단위로 네트워크가 분할되며 [9] , 한 cell 당 하나의 TDMA frame이 생성된다.…”

“…먼저 완전 분배 방식에서 동작하는 MAC 프로토콜(TDMA-based MAC protocols in a fully-distributed VANET, TDV)은 cell이라 불리는 그룹 단위로 네트워크가 분할되며 [9] , 한 cell 당 하나의 TDMA frame이 생성된다. 해당 cell 내 존 재하는 노드들은 데이터를 전송하기 위해 frame 내 slot 을 controller 없이 자율적인 분배방식을 통해 할당받는 다. TDV에서는 2가지 종류의 충돌이 발생할 수 있는데, 같은 그룹에 속한 둘 이상의 노드가 동일한 slot에 접근 을 시도하는 경우 발생하는 access collision과 다른 그룹 에 속하지만 동일한 slot을 사용하는 노드가 서로 가까워 질 경우 발생하는 merging collision이 그것이다 [1], [2] . 따 라서 TDV의 경우 2가지 충돌을 어떻게 해결할 것인지에 초점을 맞추어 프로토콜이 설계되며, 대표적인 예로 VeMAC [3] , CSMA and Self-Organizing TDMA (CS-TDMA) [5] 등이 있다.…”