Tea Tree Oil Prevents Mastitis-Associated Inflammation in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Chen, Zhi; Zhang, Yi; Zhou, Jingpeng; Lu, Lu; Wang, Xiaolong; Liang, Yusheng; Loor, Juan J.; Gou, Deming; Xu, Huifen

doi:10.3389/fvets.2020.00496

Cited by 16 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…On the other hand, Zhi Chen et al (2020) showed that TTO can promote autolysis of E. coli and exert a remarkable inhibitory effect on LPS-induced inflammation, and the proportion of normal living mammary epithelial cells stimulated by LPS increased after treatment with TTO at a concentration (<50 μg/ml LPS). Similarly, the proportion of early apoptosis, late apoptosis, and dead cells decreased as TTO attenuated LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-6 expression [ 42 ]. Earlier studies have shown that TTO acts as a membrane permeabilizer and causes a loss of chemiosmotic control in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria [ 43 ], and damages the membrane of C. albicans [ 44 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro antimicrobial effect of essential tea tree oil(Melaleuca alternifolia), thymol, and carvacrol on microorganisms isolated from cases of bovine clinical mastitis

Corona-Gómez

Hérnández-Andrade

Mendoza-Elvira

et al. 2022

International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine

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Both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria have recently developed antibiotic resistance to treatments for bovine mastitis, creating a serious concern for public and animal health. The objective of this study was to analyse in vitro microbicidal activity of tea tree oil, thymol and carvacrol (composed of oregano and thyme essential oils) on bacteria isolated from clinical mastitis. Field isolates and ATCC strains of the Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Candida albicans genera were analysed. The agar diffusion technique was used to test bactericidal susceptibility and plate microdilution was utilized to determine the minimum inhibitory, bactericidal, and fractional inhibitory concentrations. Thymol alone and the combinations of thymol-carvacrol and thymol-TTO obtained the highest inhibition diameters for Gram-negative bacteria, while for Gram-positive bacteria and C. albicans , thymol and the combination thymol-carvacrol obtained the highest indices. TTO, thymol, and carvacrol had MIC values of 1.56–25 mg/ml, 0.05–0.4 mg/ml, and 0.02–0.2 mg/ml, respectively. CMB results for the Gram-negative and gram-positive groups were 0.39–0.78 mg/ml, and for C. albicans , 0.78–1.56 mg/ml. Results for the fractional inhibitory concentrations show that the TTO+thymol and thymol+carvacrol combinations had additive activity against groups of Gram-negative bacteria and C. albicans . These natural components, evaluated individually and in combinations, have an effectiveness above 70%.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro antimicrobial effect of essential tea tree oil(Melaleuca alternifolia), thymol, and carvacrol on microorganisms isolated from cases of bovine clinical mastitis

Corona-Gómez

Hérnández-Andrade

Mendoza-Elvira

et al. 2022

International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine

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“…The resuscitated mammary epithelial cells (MECs) were cultured in an incubator at 37°C, 5% CO 2 , and suitable humidity. The medium was changed every 48 h. The BMECs were digested with 0.25% trypsin for passaging, and the growth of cells was observed using an inverted microscope ( 26 , 27 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metformin Inhibits Lipoteichoic Acid–Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Through AMPK/NRF2/NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Arbab

Abdalla

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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The objective of this research was to explore the effect of metformin on the lipoteichoic acid (LTA)–induced mastitis model using isolated primary bovine mammary epithelial cells (PBMECs). The PBMECs were exposed to either 3 mM metformin for 12 h as a metformin group (MET) or 100 μg/mL LTA for 6 h as LTA group (LTA). Cells pretreated with 3 mM metformin for 12 h followed by washing and 100 μg/mL LTA exposure for 6 h served as the MET + LTA group. Phosphate-buffered saline was added to cells as the control group. PBMECs pretreated with different metformin doses were analyzed by a flow cytometry (annexin V–fluorescein isothiocyanate assay) to detect the cell apoptotic rate. We performed quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis to evaluate the inflammatory and oxidative responses to metformin and LTA by measuring cellular cytotoxicity, mRNA expression, and protein expression. Immunofluorescence was used to evaluate nuclear localization. The results showed that the gene expression of COX2, IL-1β, and IL-6 significantly increased in the cells challenged with LTA doses compared to control cells. In inflammatory PBMECs, metformin attenuated LTA-induced expression of inflammatory genes nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65, tumor necrosis factor α, cyclooxygenase 2, and interleukin 1β, as well as the nuclear localization and phosphorylation of NF-κBp65 protein, but increased the transcription of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Nrf2-targeted antioxidative genes heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and Gpx1, as well as the nuclear localization of HO-1 protein. Importantly, metformin-induced activation of Nrf2 is AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)–dependent; as metformin-pretreated PBMECs activated AMPK signaling via the upregulation of phosphorylated AMPK levels, cell pretreatment with metformin also reversed the translocation of Nrf2 that was LTA inhibited. This convergence between AMPK and Nrf2 pathways is essential for the anti-inflammatory effect of metformin in LTA-stimulated PBMECs. Altogether, our results indicate that metformin exerts anti-inflammation and oxidative stress through regulation of AMPK/Nrf2/NF-κB signaling pathway, which highlights the role of AMPK as a potential therapeutic strategy for treatment of bovine mastitis.

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“…When E. coli successfully penetrate the mammary gland through the physical barrier of the teat end, it causes an inflammatory response in the mammary gland (38,40). This colonization leads to rapid changes in the expression levels of immune-related genes, resulting in the inflammatory process (41,42). In addition, it has been reported that lncRNAs play an important role in pathogeninduced acute and chronic inflammation by regulating the expression of specific genes (43).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential Expression Profiles of lncRNA Following LPS-Induced Inflammation in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Wang

Yang

et al. 2021

Front. Vet. Sci.

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Bovine mastitis is an inflammatory response of mammary glands caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli (E. coli). As a key virulence factor of E. coli, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) triggers innate immune responses via activation of the toll-like-receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling pathway. However, the molecular regulatory network of LPS-induced bovine mastitis has yet to be fully mapped. In this study, bovine mammary epithelial cell lines MAC-T were exposed to LPS for 0, 6 and 12 h to assess the expression profiles of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) using RNA-seq. Differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRNAs) were filtered out of the raw data for subsequent analyses. A total of 2,257 lncRNAs, including 210 annotated and 2047 novel lncRNAs were detected in all samples. A large proportion of lncRNAs were present in a high abundance, and 112 DElncRNAs were screened out at different time points. Compared with 0 h, there were 22 up- and 25 down-regulated lncRNAs in the 6 h of post-infection (hpi) group, and 27 up- and 22 down-regulated lncRNAs in the 12 hpi group. Compared with the 6 hpi group, 32 lncRNAs were up-regulated and 25 lncRNAs were down-regulated in the 12 hpi group. These DElncRNAs are involved in the regulation of a variety of immune-related processes including inflammatory responses bMECs exposed to LPS. Furthermore, lncRNA TCONS_00039271 and TCONS_00139850 were respectively significance down- and up-regulated, and their target genes involve in regulating inflammation-related signaling pathways (i.e.,Notch, NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K-Akt and mTOR signaling pathway), thereby regulating the occurrence and development of E. coli mastitis. This study provides a resource for lncRNA research on the molecular regulation of bovine mastitis

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Tea Tree Oil Prevents Mastitis-Associated Inflammation in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Cited by 16 publications

References 25 publications

In vitro antimicrobial effect of essential tea tree oil(Melaleuca alternifolia), thymol, and carvacrol on microorganisms isolated from cases of bovine clinical mastitis

In vitro antimicrobial effect of essential tea tree oil(Melaleuca alternifolia), thymol, and carvacrol on microorganisms isolated from cases of bovine clinical mastitis

Metformin Inhibits Lipoteichoic Acid–Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Through AMPK/NRF2/NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Differential Expression Profiles of lncRNA Following LPS-Induced Inflammation in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

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