“…The practice of AfL requires teachers to use their adaptive expertise, requiring teachers to strategically adjust their assessment practices depending on students' learning needs, characteristics, support needed and sociocultural background (Allen et al, 2013;Loughland & Alonzo, 2019) to develop and implement differentiated assessment activities. Differentiation in assessment, 'an educational structure that seeks to address differences among students by providing flexibility in the levels of knowledge acquisition, skills development and types of assessment items undertaken by students' (Varsavsky & Rayner, 2013, p. 790), is effective in raising student outcomes (Ginja & Chen, 2020;Magableh & Abdullah, 2020). This adaptive expertise in assessment was implied in Hattie's categorisation of expert teachers as those who are "more adept at monitoring student problems and assessing their level of understanding and progress, and they provide much [more] relevant, useful feedback" (2003, p.7).…”