“…Educational technology in higher education Whilst the development of ICT skills has been recognised as vital to students' full and active societal participation in the future (OECD, 2015b(OECD, , 2015a, using digital media in teaching and learning does not automatically guarantee active student engagement (Kirkwood, 2009) or high achievement (Tamim, Bernard, Borokhovski, Abrami, & Schmid, 2011). The pedagogical competence of teachers in using educational technology is crucial (Englund et al, 2017;Kirkwood, 2009;Kirkwood & Price, 2005;Ng, 2012;OECD, 2018a), alongside modelling good digital citizenship (Choi, Cristol, & Gimbert, 2018;Redecker, 2017), as "change does not take place by simply placing [teachers] in contact with technology" (Marcelo-García, Yot-Domínguez, & Mayor-Ruiz, 2015, p. 122). Indeed, novice teachers have been found to be more adept at rapid change and development than more experienced teachers (Englund et al, 2017), who also cite a lack of digital skills as inhibitors to using more educational technology in the classroom, as well as systemic problems, such as access to technology and workload, (Jääskelä, Häkkinen, & Rasku-Puttonen, 2017;Marcelo & Yot-Domínguez, 2018;Margaryan, Littlejohn, & Vojt, 2011).…”