Tear production in normal juvenile dogs

Broadwater, Joshua J.; Colitz, Carmen M.H.; Carastro, Susan M.; Saville, William J.

doi:10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00820.x

Cited by 33 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…In dogs, there was a decrease of 0.4 mm seen for each year of life (Hartley et al 2006). Lacrimal production was significantly altered based on age, weight and sex in dogs, and after nine-to-ten weeks of age, there was an increase of 0.15mm/min for each day of life of the animal and of 0.84 mm/min for each kilogram of weight (Broadwater et al 2010). To avoid external influences on the results and discordance with what has been reported in the literature (Hartley et al 2006), a single lot of STT was used to prevent alterations in the absorption and porosity of the paper.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…Dogs maintained in left-side position did not present alterations in IOP levels in either eye (Honsho et al 2004), however another study demonstrated a 2-3 mmHg difference in the IOP value depending on the decubitus studied (dorsal, ventral, seated) (Broadwater et al 2010). Furthermore, the authors relate the importance of maintaining the animals in the same position prior to measuring IOP and always using the same position to annul the effects that body position may have on the obtained results (Broadwater et al 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…STT-1 measures the basal and reflex production of the lacrimal film (Broadwater et al 2010. The values are different across species due to diverse habitats, variations in the size of the conjunctival sac and modification on the ocular surface.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intraocular pressure and Schirmer tear test values in maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

et al. 2016

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RESUMO.-[Pressão intraocular e teste lacrimal de Schirmer em lobos-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus).]O objetivo deste estudo foi estabelecer dados de referên-cia sobre a produção lacrimal (STT-1) e pressão intraocular (PIO) em lobos-guará em cativeiro. Foram utilizados 10 lobos-guará, saudáveis e adultos. Os animais foram contidos com cambão e mordaça e mantidos em decúbito lateral esquerdo. O TLS foi realizado no terço médio da pálpebra inferior, durante um minuto. A córnea foi dessensibilizada e a PIO mensurada com tonopen. A média do TLS-1 dos olhos direitos e esquerdo foi 11±5mm/ min, não havendo diferença significativa entre os olhos (p=0,960). A média da PIO dos olhos direitos e esquerdo foi 20±6mmHg, não observando diferença entre os olhos direitos e esquerdos (p=0,836). Média STT-1 foi menor do que, e PIO foi o mesmo que os níveis normais em cães. Não houve diferença estatística na idade dos animais e valores STT-1 e da PIO. No presente trabalho, os níveis médios de guará STT-1 foram mais baixos em comparação com as observadas nos cães, enquanto que a pressão intraocular foi a mesma nos lobos guará como em cães. Devido ao aumento da incidência na prestação de cuidados de emergência para vítimas de lobos-guará atropelamentos e incêndios, determinar os valores de referência dos parâmetros oculares podem melhorar o diagnóstico correto e tratamento de doenças. The purpose of this study was to establish baseline data on lacrimal quantity (STT-1) and intraocular pressure (IOP) in captive maned wolves. Ten healthy adult maned wolves were contained with a snare pole and muzzle and kept in decubitus of the left side. STT-1 measurement was performed on the lateral third of the lower conjunctival sac for one minute. The cornea was desensitized and intraocular pressure was measured with an tonopen. Average STT-1 in both eyes was 11±5mm.min -1 , with no statistical difference between the left and right eye (p=0.960). Average IOP in both eyes was 20±6mmHg, with no statistical difference between the left and right eye (p=0.836). Average STT-1 was lower than, and IOP was the same as normal levels found in dogs. There was no statistical difference in the age of the animals, and STT-1 and IOP values. In the present paper, average maned wolf STT-1 levels were lower compared with those found in dogs, while the IOP was the same in maned wolves as in dogs. Due to the increased incidence in providing emergency care for maned wolf victims of road kill and fires, determination reference values of ocular parameters may improve the correct diagnosis and treatment of the disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Intraocular pressure and Schirmer tear test values in maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

et al. 2016

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“…In another study, Broadwater et al. , 14 discussed that gender significantly affected both STT I and II values in dogs. The authors stated that STTs in males were significantly higher than females.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Reference values for Schirmer tear tests I and II in clinically normal pigs

Trbolová

Ghaffari

2011

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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“…The lipid layer produced by the meibomian gland stabilizes the tear film, preventing evaporation, and goblet cells in the palpebral conjunctiva elaborate mucin, which allows the aqueous tear fluid to spread evenly over the cornea. 1 Simultaneous dysfunction in the lacrimal and nictitating membrane glands causes keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) disorder. KCS is caused by a pathological reduction in the aqueous component of the tear film and defined as an Schirmer tear test (STT) value <10 mm/min and concomitant ocular surface pathological changes or lesions or something besides pathology.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Marked Depletion of the Water-Channel Protein, AQP5, in the Canine Nictitating Membrane Glands Might Contribute to the Development of KCS

et al. 2012

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The objectives of this study were to investigate the normal histological localization of aquaporin (AQP) 5 protein in the lacrimal and nictitating membrane glands and to compare this localization in healthy and keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) dogs. Lacrimal and nictitating membrane glands of 5 healthy Beagles and nictitating membrane glands of 5 KCS dogs (3 Beagles and 2 mongrel dogs: 0-13 years) were used for the present study. The owners of the KCS dogs did not consent to perform biopsies of the lacrimal glands. The localization and distribution of AQP5 protein were investigated by an immunohistochemical technique. In immunohistochemical staining, AQP5 was localized in the apical site of acinar epithelial and ductal epithelial cells from both the lacrimal and nictitating membrane glands in healthy dogs. However, AQP5 was not detected in the 5 KCS dogs. These results for immunohistochemical AQP5 localization might correlate with the deficiency in tear secretion found in KCS dogs. Keywords aquaporin 5, dog, immunohistochemical staining, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, lacrimal gland, nictitating membrane glandThe lacrimal glands of the canine orbit and nictitating membrane produce the aqueous portion of the trilaminar preocular tear film, which is integral to the protection and nutrition of the cornea. These secretions also contribute to ocular surface immunity. The lipid layer produced by the meibomian gland stabilizes the tear film, preventing evaporation, and goblet cells in the palpebral conjunctiva elaborate mucin, which allows the aqueous tear fluid to spread evenly over the cornea.

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Tear production in normal juvenile dogs

Abstract: Age, weight, and gender significantly affect tear production in normal juvenile dogs. STT1 increases to adult values at approximately 9-10 weeks of age.

Cited by 33 publications

References 17 publications

Intraocular pressure and Schirmer tear test values in maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

Intraocular pressure and Schirmer tear test values in maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

Reference values for Schirmer tear tests I and II in clinically normal pigs

Marked Depletion of the Water-Channel Protein, AQP5, in the Canine Nictitating Membrane Glands Might Contribute to the Development of KCS

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