Technique, postoperative complications, and visual outcomes of phacoemulsification cataract surgery in 21 penguins (27 eyes): 2011‐2015

Church, Melanie L.; Priehs, Daniel R.; Denis, H. M.; Croft, Lara; DiRocco, Stacy; Davis, Michelle

doi:10.1111/vop.12555

Cited by 17 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Modern veterinary medicine can mostly successfully treat a cataract. Also, there are cases of successful treatment in penguins reported [5], although there are not many studies and case reports in that specific field so far.…”

Section: Pathological Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Eyes of an African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus): General Morphology and Ophthalmopathology

Sokolenko

Hilken

Denk³

et al. 2021

Klin Monbl Augenheilkd

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Section: Pathological Findingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Eyes of an African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus): General Morphology and Ophthalmopathology

Sokolenko

Hilken

Denk³

et al. 2021

Klin Monbl Augenheilkd

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“…A recent study from North American zoos revealed that cataract is a prominent finding in aged penguins 31 and cataract surgery in penguins was shown to be successful and contributed to the welfare of captive penguins 16,35 . In order to minimize duration of anesthesia, no pre‐operative ERG was recorded in the 21 birds operated by Church et al 16 . However, our study shows that such recordings are feasible and diagnostic in alert birds even without dark adaptation or pupil dilation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…Pupils were not dilated as the iris muscles in penguins are mostly striated and are unresponsive to parasympatholytic mydriatic drugs 15 . The only publication we have found reporting pharmacological mydriasis in penguins involved intracameral injection of a muscle relaxant, 16 which was not justifiable for the purpose of this study. While other protocols for achieving mydriasis using muscle relaxants in various avian species have been published, some require application of multiple drops at 15 min intervals 16,17 ; dangerous side effects have been reported 17 and their use would have required repeated capturing of the birds and unacceptable stress.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The only publication we have found reporting pharmacological mydriasis in penguins involved intracameral injection of a muscle relaxant, 16 which was not justifiable for the purpose of this study. While other protocols for achieving mydriasis using muscle relaxants in various avian species have been published, some require application of multiple drops at 15 min intervals 16,17 ; dangerous side effects have been reported 17 and their use would have required repeated capturing of the birds and unacceptable stress. This may explain why ERGs have previously been recorded in 79 free‐living raptors with manual restraint and without pupil dilation, just as we did in the present study 18 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…However to our knowledge, this is the first report of full‐field ERG recording in penguins. A recent study from North American zoos revealed that cataract is a prominent finding in aged penguins 31 and cataract surgery in penguins was shown to be successful and contributed to the welfare of captive penguins 16,35 . In order to minimize duration of anesthesia, no pre‐operative ERG was recorded in the 21 birds operated by Church et al 16 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Treatment with chloroquine is retinotoxic in captive African penguins (Speniscus demersus). Attenuation and recovery of electroretinographic responses

Ross

Avni-Magen²,

Pe’er

et al. 2021

Veterinary Ophthalmology

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Purpose To evaluate the effect of prophylactic anti‐malarial chloroquine treatment, and its cessation, on electroretinographic (ERG) responses of captive African penguins. Methods A brief ERG protocol (“QuickRetCheck”) was recorded under mesopic conditions with manual restraint and no sedation or pupil dilation. Birds were recorded on two separate occasions, first while being treated with a daily chloroquine dose of 10 mg/kg for 12 days (n = 15, treatment group) and second after 4 months without chloroquine treatment (n = 6, off‐treatment group). Three birds were recorded on both occasions. Three other birds from the flock that died were studied histopathologically. Results Scotopic responses were unmeasurable in either recording and therefore were not analyzed. Mean a‐ and b‐wave amplitudes of the mixed rod‐cone responses to standard (3 cd·s/m2) and high (10 cd·s/m2) intensity flashes were higher in the off‐treatment group. No difference in implicit times was observed. Sex, age, and number of previous chloroquine treatments did not affect ERG responses. Histopathology revealed Plasmodium spp.in the lungs, liver, and brain, but not in the eyes, of the necropsied birds, and there were no signs of retinitis or retinopathy. Conclusions Daily chloroquine treatment was associated with attenuated ERG responses in penguins, which improve following cessation of treatment. Further work is warranted to establish a chloroquine dose that is efficacious yet has minimal adverse effects. Our results suggest that ERG responses of captive penguins undergoing ERG for any indication (such as prior to cataract surgery), must be evaluated in light of the birds' anti‐malaria treatment status.

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Characterisation of cataracts and other ophthalmic findings in various species of captive penguins

González‐Alonso‐Alegre,

Martínez‐Nevado,

de Quadros

et al. 2023

Veterinary Record

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BackgroundThe identification of ophthalmic diseases that affect vision and/or cause discomfort should be a priority in captive penguins to improve their overall health and quality of life.MethodsA routine ophthalmological examination was performed on 80 clinically normal penguins (160 eyes), and any lesions observed were recorded.ResultsOcular lesions were frequent (56% of penguins), with cataracts being the most common (48.8% of penguins). Cortical cataracts (63% of eyes) and posterior subcapsular cataracts (27.4%) were the most commonly occurring. All maturation stages were found; incipient cataracts (52.1% of eyes with cataracts) were predominant, while Morgagnian cataracts (8.2%) were the least frequent. A correlation existed between lenticular changes and increasing age. Uveitis was present in 43.8% of eyes with cataracts, and ectropion uveae was the predominant clinical sign. Other ocular findings included blepharitis (3.8% of all eyes), corneal leukoma (5.6%) and posterior lens subluxation (7.5%).LimitationsThe small number of birds of some species prevented the comparison of ophthalmic findings between species.ConclusionThis study corroborates the high prevalence of ocular lesions in captive penguins. Cataracts were frequent and age related. Most cataracts were cortical, and the predominant maturation stage was incipient. Lens‐induced uveitis was a common finding. Lowered intraocular pressure was related to cataract formation.

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Technique, postoperative complications, and visual outcomes of phacoemulsification cataract surgery in 21 penguins (27 eyes): 2011‐2015

Abstract: The prognosis for vision and behavioral improvement after phacoemulsification surgery in penguins is good, with low incidence of vision-threatening complications.

Cited by 17 publications

References 20 publications

The Eyes of an African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus): General Morphology and Ophthalmopathology

The Eyes of an African Penguin (Spheniscus demersus): General Morphology and Ophthalmopathology

Treatment with chloroquine is retinotoxic in captive African penguins (Speniscus demersus). Attenuation and recovery of electroretinographic responses

Characterisation of cataracts and other ophthalmic findings in various species of captive penguins

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