Techniques and Applications of Animal- and Plant-Derived Exosome-Based Drug Delivery System

Abstract

Exosomes are a kind of extracellular vesicle, has a particle size of 50–150 nm. Exosomes derived from different cell types are thought to participate in the regulation of cellular communication. On account of the ability of exosomes to deliver various cargos to a corresponding target site, they are often used to deliver therapeutic cargos for treatment. This review summarizes the origins and composition of exosomes, and provides a detailed overview of the current methods for exosome isolation and drug loading as well as the application of exosomes to drug delivery systems (DDSs) to provide practical suggestions for exosome studies. Moreover, this review also highlights the research progresses on plant-derived exosomes in determining their commonalities with and distinctions from animal-derived exosomes, and the advantages and challenges faced by plant-derived exosomes as drug delivery carriers are also discussed to contribute to the further application of plant-derived exosomes.

Research Progress of Extracellular Vesicles Targeted Therapy

“…In addition to strong stability, high biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, and other advantages, [2,4,5,8] EVs also have natural targeting (homing ability). Homing is not a passive process; it requires a series of active processes of continuous molecular interactions.…”

Nanoparticles for oral delivery: targeted therapy for inflammatory bowel disease

“…145 Meanwhile, PDNPs can also transport these bioactive compounds into animal cells, and mediate cells activity and function. 146,147 In addition, PDNPs have several advantages of non-toxicity, low immunogenicity, and excellent biocompatibility. Therefore, they can subsequently be utilized as natural therapeutics or DDSs to efficiently deliver specific drug agents for the treatment of human diseases, including IBD.…”

Edible plant extracellular vesicles: An emerging tool for bioactives delivery

“…Many components in citrus fruits have physiologically active functions. For example, many have antioxidant, anti-cancer, antibacterial, and antiviral effects ( 132 , 133 ). Importantly, grapefruit EVs can be modified to achieve specific cellular targeting ( 25 ).…”