Techniques for Establishing Schedules With Wheel Running as Reinforcement in Rats

Iversen, Iver H.

doi:10.1901/jeab.1993.60-219

Cited by 161 publications

(126 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…However, 30 minutes of running was found to have no effect on their brain dopamine activity [39]. Wheel running by rats and other small animal models occurs spontaneously and is a reinforcing behavior in that they will perform lever presses to engage in wheel running [40][41][42][43]. Moreover, wheel running produces a reinforcing aftereffect as measured by conditioned place preference after the exercise has stopped [43].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of liking and reinforcing value with children's physical activity

Roemmich

Barkley

Lobarinas

et al. 2008

Physiology & Behavior

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Roemmich, J.N., J.E. Barkley, L.H. Epstein, C.L. Lobarinas, J.H. Foster, and T.M. White: Association of Liking and Reinforcing Value with Children's Physical Activity. Physiol Behav 00 (0) 000-000, 2007 -This study determined whether liking and relative reinforcing value (RRV) of physical activity were associated with time youth spend in moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Boys (n = 21) and girls (n = 15) age 8 to 12 years were measured for height, weight, aerobic fitness, liking and RRV of physical activity, and minutes in MVPA using accelerometers. Independence of liking and RRV of physical activity was established by a low correlation (r = 0.08, p = 0.64). Using MVPA as the dependent variable and hierarchical regression to control for individual differences in age, aerobic fitness, and time the accelerometer was worn in step 1 (R 2 of 0.60 for step 1), addition of liking and RRV of physical activity in step 2 produced an incremental increase in R 2 of 0.12 (p < 0.01). When using median splits of the RRV and liking data to form subject groups, children with both a high liking and RRV of physical activity participated in greater (p ≤ 0.02) MVPA (1340 ± 70 min/week) than children with high RRV-low liking (1040 ± 95 min/week), low RRVhigh liking (978 ± 88 min/week), or low RRV-low liking (1007 ± 68 min/week) of physical activity. Thus, liking and RRV of physical activity are independently associated with MVPA. The combination of a high reinforcing value and liking of physical activity is associated with 33% greater participation in MVPA.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of liking and reinforcing value with children's physical activity

Roemmich

Barkley

Lobarinas

et al. 2008

Physiology & Behavior

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“…In the rat, running almost exclusively occurs at night as many other appetitive behaviors (Eikelboom and Mills, 1988). It is generally agreed that wheel running is naturally rewarding and strongly depends on animal motivation to perform this behavior (Belke, 1997;Iversen, 1993;Yu et al, 2005). It has been demonstrated that the pattern of operant responding to gain access to a wheel was similar to those observed for conventionally accepted consummatory reinforces such as food and water (Belke, 1997).…”

Section: Voluntary Running As An Indicator Of Manganese-induced Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 98%

Mapping of functional brain activity in freely behaving rats during voluntary running using manganese-enhanced MRI: Implication for longitudinal studies

et al. 2010

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is widely used in basic and clinical research to map the structural and functional organization of the brain. An important need of MR research is for contrast agents that improve soft-tissue contrast, enable visualization of neuronal tracks, and enhance the capacity of MRI to provide functional information at different temporal scales. Unchelated manganese can be such an agent, and manganese-enhanced MRI (MEMRI) can potentially be an excellent technique for localization of brain activity (for review see Silva et al., 2004). Yet, the toxicity of manganese presents a major limitation for employing MEMRI in behavioral paradigms. We have tested systematically the voluntary wheel running behavior of rats after systemic application of MnCl 2 in a dose range of 16-80 mg/kg, which is commonly used in MEMRI studies. The results show a robust dose-dependent decrease in motor performance, which was accompanied by weight loss and decrease in food intake. The adverse effects lasted for up to 7 postinjection days. The lowest dose of MnCl 2 (16 mg/kg) produced minimal adverse effects, but was not sufficient for functional mapping. We have therefore evaluated an alternative method of manganese delivery via osmotic pumps, which provide a continuous and slow release of manganese. In contrast to a single systemic injection, the pump method did not produce any adverse locomotor effects, while achieving a cumulative concentration of manganese (80 mg/kg) sufficient for functional mapping. Thus, MEMRI with such an optimized manganese delivery that avoids toxic effects can be safely applied for longitudinal studies in behaving animals.

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“…Similarly, pairing a distinctive environment with the aftereffects of running produces a conditioned place preference in laboratory animals (Lett et al, 2000;Belke and Wagner, 2005). Exercise can also serve as a positive reinforcer, as both laboratory animals (Iversen, 1993;Belke, 1997;2000;Belke and Dunbar, 2001) and in-patient clinical populations (Schebendach et al, 2007) will perform an operant response that leads to the opportunity to exercise.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerobic exercise decreases the positive-reinforcing effects of cocaine

Smith

Schmidt

Iordanou

et al. 2008

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

138

146

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Aerobic exercise can serve as an alternative, non-drug reinforcer in laboratory animals and has been recommended as a potential intervention for substance abusing populations. Unfortunately, relatively little empirical data have been collected that specifically address the possible protective effects of voluntary, long-term exercise on measures of drug self-administration. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of chronic exercise on sensitivity to the positive-reinforcing effects of cocaine in the drug self-administration procedure. Female rats were obtained at weaning and immediately divided into two groups. Sedentary rats were housed individually in standard laboratory cages that permitted no exercise beyond normal cage ambulation; exercising rats were housed individually in modified cages equipped with a running wheel. After 6 weeks under these conditions, rats were surgically implanted with venous catheters and trained to self-administer cocaine on a fixedratio schedule of reinforcement. Once self-administration was acquired, cocaine was made available on a progressive ratio schedule and breakpoints were obtained for various doses of cocaine. Sedentary and exercising rats did not differ in the time to acquire cocaine self-administration or responding on the fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement. However, on the progressive ratio schedule, breakpoints were significantly lower in exercising rats than sedentary rats when responding was maintained by both low (0.3 mg/kg/infusion) and high (1.0 mg/kg/infusion) doses of cocaine. In exercising rats, greater exercise output prior to catheter implantation was associated with lower breakpoints at the high dose of cocaine. These data indicate that chronic exercise decreases the positive-reinforcing effects of cocaine and support the possibility that exercise may be an effective intervention in drug abuse prevention and treatment programs.

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Techniques for Establishing Schedules With Wheel Running as Reinforcement in Rats

Cited by 161 publications

References 12 publications

Association of liking and reinforcing value with children's physical activity

Association of liking and reinforcing value with children's physical activity

Mapping of functional brain activity in freely behaving rats during voluntary running using manganese-enhanced MRI: Implication for longitudinal studies

Aerobic exercise decreases the positive-reinforcing effects of cocaine

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