Techniques for the Measurement of Electrode Processes at Temperatures Above 100°C

Jones, D. G. de; Masterson, H.G.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-8252-6_1

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Furthermore, all electrical connections for electrodes and sensors must be sufficiently insulated so as to only measure the electrode processes under study. Specialist techniques for overcoming problems such as solution agitation, observation, pressure seals and electrical connections are discussed elsewhere [1] and are therefore beyond the scope of this review.…”

Section: Isothermal Heating Methods: Autoclavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most common materials are stainless steel and certain nickel alloys such as Nimonic, Hastelloy and Monel [1], but even these are susceptible to corrosion and cracking in hydroxide and chloride containing solutions. Ceramic, glass and plastic liners are also available, but they tend to be soluble in certain high-temperature solutions while plastics such as PTFE have been known to give off unidentified gases at temperatures between 200 and 300 8C [1,58]. All isothermal electrochemical measurements, particularly those of thermodynamic parameters, taken above the normal boiling point of the solvent of interest require pressure to prevent bubble formation on the electrode surface and subsequent boiling.…”

Section: Isothermal Heating Methods: Autoclavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most common system of heating is using a water bath set at the specified temperature, and either immersing the whole apparatus in the water bath, or using double-walled water jacketed cells through which water of the desired temperature circulates [1].…”

Section: Isothermal Heating Methods: Other Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Accurate thermodynamic data is frequently derived from room temperature electrochemical measurements. Yet it is the temperature dependent electrode processes that are often of interest themselves, these include: Standard electrode potentials, activity coefficients, Debye-H¸ckel equation (and its extensions) constants, conductance measurements, equilibrium constants, diffusion activation constants, the electrodeposition of metals and alloys, the variation of electrocapillary maxima and the points of zero charge [1]. Furthermore, detailed mechanistic studies have been reported in which dramatic changes in mechanisms can occur over a relatively small temperature range [5] and new reaction pathways, e.g., intercalation processes, become accessible at elevated temperature [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, the vast majority of electrochemical experiments are conducted at room temperatures between 20 ± 25 8C, yet there are both fundamental, analytical and technological reasons for wanting to extend this temperature range [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

High‐Temperature Electrochemistry: A Review

et al. 2004

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High-temperature electrochemistry remains a relatively unexplored field of research, although in recent years significant developments have been made. This report details the main experimental methods and approaches to heating an electrochemical system under both isothermal and non-isothermal conditions and gives an insight into the experimental and electroanalytical results obtainable under such conditions. It has been shown that the promotion of mass transport at high-temperatures, through diffusion or convection, often results in increased current signals. This increase benefits electroanalytical measurements by lowering detection limits. High temperatures also usefully enhance the sensitivity of systems with sluggish kinetics.

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Section: Isothermal Heating Methods: Autoclavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Isothermal Heating Methods: Autoclavesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Isothermal Heating Methods: Other Methodologiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High‐Temperature Electrochemistry: A Review

et al. 2004

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Electrochemistry at High Pressures: A Review

2004

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High pressure electrochemical studies are potentially dangerous and less immediately implemented than conventional investigations. Technical obstacles related to properties of the working electrode material, preparation of its surface, availability of suitable reference electrodes, and the need for specially designed high pressure equipment and cells may account for the relative lack of experimental data on electrochemistry at high pressures. However, despite the stringent requirements for system and equipment stability, significant developments have been made in recent years and the combination of electrochemical methods with high hydrostatic pressure has provided useful insights into the thermodynamics, kinetics, and other physico-chemical characteristics of a wide range of redox reactions. In addition to fundamental information, high pressure electrochemistry has also lead to a better understanding of a variety of processes under non-classical conditions with potential applications in today×s industrial environment from extraction and electrosynthesis in supercritical fluids to measurement of the pH at the bottom of the ocean. The purpose of this article is to detail the experimental pressurizing apparatus for electroanalytical measurements at high pressures and to review the relevant literature on the effect of pressure on electrode processes and on the properties of aqueous electrolyte solutions.

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The Electrochemical and Stress Corrosion Behaviour of an Austenitic Stainless Steel in phosphate solutions at high temperatures and pressures

Tischner

Wendler-Kalsch

Kaesche

1980

Materials & Corrosion

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KurzfassungThe present investigation concerns the effects of stress corrosion on the behaviour o f high-alloy steels in high-pressure, high-temperature phosphate solutions, with the view on service conditions in the secondary loop of pressurized water reactors.A n apparatus is described which enables electrochemical and electroochemically con trolled stress-corrosion experiments up to 300 C with tensile specimens stressed with a defined stress by a bellows arrangement.The polarization curves o f a model system of X5CrNi189 stainless steel (AISI Type 304) and 0.4 M Na2HP04 10.4 M NaH2P04 solution exhibit a large increase in current densities at higher temperatures at all potentials investigated. Howeve:, the material proves to be spontaneously passive even at 300 C, although the passive current densities are about 10-15 times higher than those at room temperature. Stress-corrosion experiments at open circuit potential and under potentiostatic control show that high stresses and exposure times o f more than 100 h are necessary to cause cracking. In addition, some possible effects o f thick phosphate layers on the sample surface on the corrosion behaviour of the material are mentioned.

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Techniques for the Measurement of Electrode Processes at Temperatures Above 100°C

Cited by 14 publications

References 72 publications

High‐Temperature Electrochemistry: A Review

High‐Temperature Electrochemistry: A Review

Electrochemistry at High Pressures: A Review

The Electrochemical and Stress Corrosion Behaviour of an Austenitic Stainless Steel in phosphate solutions at high temperatures and pressures

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