Techno-commercial Aspects of Relevance to Red Beet

Neelwarne, Bhagyalakshmi

doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3458-0_16

Cited by 2 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Betalain pigments, uniquely produced in the plant order Caryophyllales (e.g. beets, cactus), have antioxidant activities and reported anticancer and antidiabetic properties (Kanner et al ., ; Lee et al ., , ; Tesoriere et al ., ), and are the major natural red dye (E162) used in the US food industry (Gaertner and Goldman, ; Neelwarne, ). Thus, enhancing the production of tyrosine and its derivatives can improve nutritional and pharmaceutical values of plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imbalance of tyrosine by modulating TyrA arogenate dehydrogenases impacts growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana

et al. 2019

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L-Tyrosine is an essential aromatic amino acid required for the synthesis of proteins and a diverse array of plant natural products; however, little is known on how the levels of tyrosine are controlled in planta and linked to overall growth and development. Most plants synthesize tyrosine by TyrA arogenate dehydrogenases, which are strongly feedback-inhibited by tyrosine and encoded by TyrA1 and TyrA2 genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. While TyrA enzymes have been extensively characterized at biochemical levels, their in planta functions remain uncertain. Here we found that TyrA1 suppression reduces seed yield due to impaired anther dehiscence, whereas TyrA2 knockout leads to slow growth with reticulate leaves. The tyra2 mutant phenotypes were exacerbated by TyrA1 suppression and rescued by the expression of TyrA2, TyrA1 or tyrosine feeding. Low-light conditions synchronized the tyra2 and wild-type growth, and ameliorated the tyra2 leaf reticulation. After shifting to normal light, tyra2 transiently decreased tyrosine and subsequently increased aspartate before the appearance of the leaf phenotypes. Overexpression of the deregulated TyrA enzymes led to hyper-accumulation of tyrosine, which was also accompanied by elevated aspartate and reticulate leaves. These results revealed that TyrA1 and TyrA2 have distinct and overlapping functions in flower and leaf development, respectively, and that imbalance of tyrosine, caused by altered TyrA activity and regulation, impacts growth and development of Arabidopsis. The findings provide critical bases for improving the production of tyrosine and its derived natural products, and further elucidating the coordinated metabolic and physiological processes to maintain tyrosine levels in plants.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Imbalance of tyrosine by modulating TyrA arogenate dehydrogenases impacts growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana

et al. 2019

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“…27 These pigments are currently used as major sources of natural red dyes in the food industry in the United States, where heat stability is not a primary limitation. 28 The use of natural food colorants is becoming popular in recent years due to concerns over the safety of synthetic dyes. 29 In addition, betalain-based food dyes do not stain and thus are sought after for processed foods, as well as frozen and refrigerated dairy products.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies showed that betalains have antioxidant activities − and a number of beneficial health-related properties, such as induction of phase II enzymes that offers protection against certain cancers, inhibition of the expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 , a response factor in the inflammatory reaction, to protect endothelium, and cytotoxic effects on various types of cancer cells . These pigments are currently used as major sources of natural red dyes in the food industry in the United States, where heat stability is not a primary limitation . The use of natural food colorants is becoming popular in recent years due to concerns over the safety of synthetic dyes .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limited Tyrosine Utilization Explains Lower Betalain Contents in Yellow than in Red Table Beet Genotypes

Wang

Lopez‐Nieves

Goldman

et al. 2017

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Betalains are tyrosine-derived pigments that consist of red-violet betacyanins and yellow betaxanthins. These pigments are major sources of natural food dyes in the United States. Decades of table beet breeding efforts have increased betalain pigmentation, but yellow betaxanthin accumulation has been lower than that of red betacyanins. To identify possible bottlenecks in betalain production, here we conducted comparative analyses of betalains and their precursor, tyrosine, in various beet genotypes. Consistent with previous studies, red beets had much higher betalain concentrations than yellow beets. Conversely, tyrosine levels were higher in yellow than in red genotypes in both table beet and Swiss chard. Interestingly, increased tyrosine levels were positively correlated with elevated betalain accumulation among red but not yellow genotypes, especially at a later developmental stage, suggesting that yellow beets are not efficiently converting tyrosine into betalain pigments. On the basis of these results, we hypothesize that further increase in tyrosine production will likely enhance betacyanin accumulation in red beets, whereas better utilization of the accumulated tyrosine will be required to further improve betaxanthin production in yellow beets.

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Techno-commercial Aspects of Relevance to Red Beet

Cited by 2 publications

References 46 publications

Imbalance of tyrosine by modulating TyrA arogenate dehydrogenases impacts growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana

Imbalance of tyrosine by modulating TyrA arogenate dehydrogenases impacts growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana

Limited Tyrosine Utilization Explains Lower Betalain Contents in Yellow than in Red Table Beet Genotypes

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