Technological advances in electrochemical biosensors for the detection of disease biomarkers

Abstract

With an increasing focus on health in contemporary society, interest in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases has grown rapidly. Accordingly, the demand for biosensors for the early diagnosis of disease is increasing. However, the measurement range of existing electrochemical sensors is relatively high, which is not suitable for early disease diagnosis, requiring the detection of small amounts of biocomponents. Various attempts have been made to overcome this and amplify the signal, including binding with various labeling molecules, such as DNA, enzymes, nanoparticles, and carbon materials. Efforts are also being made to increase the sensitivity of electrochemical sensors, and the combination of nanomaterials, materials, and biotechnology offers the potential to increase sensitivity in a variety of ways. Recent studies suggest that electrochemical sensors can be a powerful tool in providing comprehensive insights into the targeting and detection of disease-associated biomarkers. Significant advances in nanomaterial and biomolecule approaches for improved sensitivity have resulted in the development of electrochemical biosensors capable of detecting multiple biomarkers in real time in clinically relevant samples. In this review, we have discussed the recent studies on electrochemical sensors for detection of diseases such as diabetes, degenerative diseases, and cancer. Further, we have highlighted new technologies to improve sensitivity using various materials, including DNA, enzymes, nanoparticles, and carbon materials.

Wearable Electrochemical Sensors in Parkinson’s Disease

“…Over the last few years, researchers in bioengineering have designed more advanced biosensors aimed at detecting medically relevant biomolecules from internal (i.e., blood and interstitial fluid-ISF) and, to a lesser extent, external fluids (i.e., saliva, sweat, tear and urine) [26]. Accordingly, several types of chemical sensing platforms have been produced and released for medical purposes [15,25,[27][28][29][30]. Specifically, among chemical platforms, the MN biosensors have deserved the largest funding due to the fast, real-time, reliable and minimally invasive recording of several biological molecules, with potential application as wearable, miniaturized, and portable devices [15,31,32].…”

“…Another biological compound that has been proposed in neurodegenerative diseases, including PD, is hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), a reactive oxygen species implicated in neurotoxicity processes. H 2 O 2 can be extracted and analyzed from human serum and urine samples, but only in a laboratory setting [29]. However, although H 2 O 2 and ROS are crucially involved in the oxidative stress underlying the pathogenic mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases, they cannot be considered disease biomarkers useful for current clinical practice.…”

Development of Nucleic‐Acid‐Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Clinical Applications

“…There are commercial electrochemical sensing technologies based on ion‐selective membranes, protein enzymes, and antibodies for analyzing electrolytes, blood gases, small molecules, and proteins [79, 80] in healthcare settings. Despite this success, research in this area is ongoing with the vision of developing simple and inexpensive platforms that go beyond the healthcare settings and enable do‐it‐yourself and home testing.…”

Noninvasive Electrochemical Nitric Oxide Detection in Human Saliva Using Pt and TiO2 Nanoparticle Composite Electrodes

“…Therefore, the development of a portable, low-cost, and noninvasive NO sensor is highly desirable for practical applications in medicine. Nowadays, electrochemical sensors have been studied extensively for NO detection in medical research, due to their low detection limits, fast response time, ease of fabrication, small size, low cost, and suitability for real-time measurements in biological samples. − Detection of biomolecules using conventional electrodes is not desirable at the low level due to the fouling effect and a slow electron transfer rate. − To overcome these limitations, the conventional glassy carbon (GC) electrode surface can be modified by nanostructured materials to achieve better sensitivity and lower detection limits. In recent years, metal nanoparticles (NPs)-modified GC electrodes have been studied for the detection of NO due to their superior catalytic activity. , Platinum (Pt) NPs have been employed by several researchers for electrochemical NO sensors due to their high surface-to-volume ratio, size-dependent catalytic activities, fast electron transfer, and biocompatibility. , Liu et al studied electrochemical NO sensing using the AuPt-rGO composite as a working electrode.…”