Technology Developments in Real-Time Tsunami Measuring, Monitoring and Forecasting

Meinig, Christian; Stalin, Scott; Nakamura, A.; González, F. I.; Milburn, Hugh B.

doi:10.1109/oceans.2005.1639996

Cited by 54 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Starting in the 1990s, NOAA developed and deployed autonomous deep-ocean instruments capable of measuring tsunamis in the open ocean and transmitting data by satellite back to the tsunami warning centers Vol. 168, (2011) Anatomy of Historical Tsunamis 2055 (BERNARD et al, 2001;MEINIG et al, 2005). Today, there are 39 DART systems deployed in the Pacific, Caribbean, and Indian oceans transmitting through the GOES and Iridium communications systems at latencies of several minutes.…”

Section: Faster Detection Of Tsunamismentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomy of Historical Tsunamis: Lessons Learned for Tsunami Warning

Igarashi

Kong

Yamamoto

et al. 2011

Pure Appl. Geophys.

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Abstract-Tsunamis are high-impact disasters that can cause death and destruction locally within a few minutes of their occurrence and across oceans hours, even up to a day, afterward. Efforts to establish tsunami warning systems to protect life and property began in the Pacific after the 1946 Aleutian Islands tsunami caused casualties in Hawaii. Seismic and sea level data were used by a central control center to evaluate tsunamigenic potential and then issue alerts and warnings. The ensuing events of 1952, 1957, and 1960 tested the new system, which continued to expand and evolve from a United States system to an international system in 1965. The Tsunami Warning System in the Pacific (ITSU) steadily improved through the decades as more stations became available in real and near-real time through better communications technology and greater bandwidth. New analysis techniques, coupled with more data of higher quality, resulted in better detection, greater solution accuracy, and more reliable warnings, but limitations still exist in constraining the source and in accurately predicting propagation of the wave from source to shore. Tsunami event data collected over the last two decades through international tsunami science surveys have led to more realistic models for source generation and inundation, and within the warning centers, real-time tsunami wave forecasting will become a reality in the near future. The tsunami warning system is an international cooperative effort amongst countries supported by global and national monitoring networks and dedicated tsunami warning centers; the research community has contributed to the system by advancing and improving its analysis tools. Lessons learned from the earliest tsunamis provided the backbone for the present system, but despite 45 years of experience, the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami reminded us that tsunamis strike and kill everywhere, not just in the Pacific. Today, a global intergovernmental tsunami warning system is coordinated under the United Nations. This paper reviews historical tsunamis, their warning activities, and their sea level records to highlight lessons learned with the focus on how these insights have helped to drive further development of tsunami warning systems and their tsunami warning centers. While the international systems do well for teletsunamis, faster detection, more accurate evaluations, and widespread timely alerts are still the goals, and challenges still remain to achieving early warning against the more frequent and destructive local tsunamis.

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Section: Faster Detection Of Tsunamismentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomy of Historical Tsunamis: Lessons Learned for Tsunami Warning

Igarashi

Kong

Yamamoto

et al. 2011

Pure Appl. Geophys.

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“…Such a system provides the DART ® (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis) buoys (Meinig et al, 2005(Meinig et al, , 2007Mofjeld, 1997), which have been developed and operated by the US NOAA for the past decade. DART ® bottom sensor packages record ocean bottom pressure, perform onboard tsunami detection and acoustically relay the data to the surface buoy.…”

Section: General Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The automatic detection of a tsunami event is performed identical to the proven DART ® tsunami detection algorithm as published (Meinig et al, 2005(Meinig et al, , 2007Mofjeld, 1997). The basic concept is to compare the actual pressure h k (at time = t 0 ), as measured every 15 s, with a predicted pressure H f as based on a polynomial extrapolation of the preceding pressure records (Fig.…”

Section: Data Acquisition and Automatic Tsunami Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The GITEWS ocean bottom sensor packages

Boebel

Busack

Flueh

et al. 2010

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. The German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS) aims at reducing the risks posed by events such as the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. To minimize the lead time for tsunami alerts, to avoid false alarms, and to accurately predict tsunami wave heights, realtime observations of ocean bottom pressure from the deep ocean are required. As part of the GITEWS infrastructure, the parallel development of two ocean bottom sensor packages, PACT (Pressure based Acoustically Coupled Tsunameter) and OBU (Ocean Bottom Unit), was initiated. The sensor package requirements included bidirectional acoustic links between the bottom sensor packages and the hosting surface buoys, which are moored nearby. Furthermore, compatibility between these sensor systems and the overall GITEWS data-flow structure and command hierarchy was mandatory. While PACT aims at providing highly reliable, long term bottom pressure data only, OBU is based on ocean bottom seismometers to concurrently record sea-floor motion, necessitating highest data rates. This paper presents the technical design of PACT, OBU and the HydroAcoustic Modem (HAM.node) which is used by both systems, along with first results from instrument deployments off Indonesia.

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“…All these points were important for GITEWS and resulted in newly designed GPS sensor networks covering landsides, coastal areas and open sea locations and a new near real-time data processing and monitoring system. Other tsunami early warning concepts as, e.g., at the PTWC (Pacific Tsunami Warning Center) use partly similar sensors like the DART buoys (Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis, Meinig et al, 2005), but without GPSbased components. The implementation of GPS-based components (among other innovations) into InaTEWS (Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System) makes an important difference to earlier tsunami warning concepts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Near real-time GPS applications for tsunami early warning systems

Falck

Ramatschi

Subarya³

et al. 2010

Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. GPS (Global Positioning System) technology is widely used for positioning applications. Many of them have high requirements with respect to precision, reliability or fast product delivery, but usually not all at the same time as it is the case for early warning applications. The tasks for the GPS-based components within the GITEWS project (German Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System, Rudloff et al., 2009) are to support the determination of sea levels (measured onshore and offshore) and to detect co-seismic land mass displacements with the lowest possible latency (design goal: first reliable results after 5 min). The completed system was designed to fulfil these tasks in near realtime, rather than for scientific research requirements. The obtained data products (movements of GPS antennas) are supporting the warning process in different ways. The measurements from GPS instruments on buoys allow the earliest possible detection or confirmation of tsunami waves on the ocean. Onshore GPS measurements are made collocated with tide gauges or seismological stations and give information about co-seismic land mass movements as recorded, e.g., during the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 2004 (Subarya et al., 2006). This information is important to separate tsunami-caused sea height movements from apparent sea height changes at tide gauge locations (sensor station movement) and also as additional information about earthquakes' mechanisms, as this is an essential information to predict a tsunami (Sobolev et al., 2007).This article gives an end-to-end overview of the GITEWS GPS-component system, from the GPS sensors (GPS receiver with GPS antenna and auxiliary systems, either onshore or offshore) to the early warning centre displays. We describe how the GPS sensors have been installed, how they are operated and the methods used to collect, transfer andCorrespondence to: C. Falck (falck@gfz-potsdam.de) process the GPS data in near real-time. This includes the sensor system design, the communication system layout with real-time data streaming, the data processing strategy and the final products of the GPS-based early warning system components.

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Technology Developments in Real-Time Tsunami Measuring, Monitoring and Forecasting

Cited by 54 publications

References 3 publications

Anatomy of Historical Tsunamis: Lessons Learned for Tsunami Warning

Anatomy of Historical Tsunamis: Lessons Learned for Tsunami Warning

The GITEWS ocean bottom sensor packages

Near real-time GPS applications for tsunami early warning systems

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