“…Variations in burials from the San Pedro de Atacama oases provide strong evidence that individuals manifested different identities, practices, and access to resources. Beyond the material record, which shows differences in material wealth as well as in specific items including foreign and ritual goods included in the grave (e.g., Horta, 2014; Llagostera 2004; Núñez, 1992; Plaza & Martinón‐Torres, 2021; Salazar et al, 2014; Torres‐Rouff, 2008; Torres‐Rouff & Knudson, 2017), the individuals themselves embody differences among the population. This manifests, for example, in the ways that some individuals were subject to violent injury in highly visible and scarring ways (i.e., Torres‐Rouff, 2011; Torres‐Rouff et al, 2018) and equally in what seems to have been multiple social distinctions between males and females in dress, diet, and head shape (i.e., Pestle et al, 2016; Pestle, Hubbe, et al, 2021; Stovel, 2001, 2013; Torres‐Rouff, 2008).…”