Temperate pasture legumes in Australia—their history, current use, and future prospects

Abstract

Australian farmers and scientists have embraced the use of new pasture legume species more than those in any other country, with 36 annual and 11 perennial legumes having cultivars registered for use. Lucerne (Medicago sativa), white clover (Trifolium repens), and red clover (T. pratense) were introduced by the early European settlers and are still important species in Australia, but several other species, notably annual legumes, have been developed specifically for Australian environments, leading to the evolution of unique farming systems. Subterranean clover (T. subterraneum) and annual medics (Medicago spp.) have been the most successful species, while a suite of new annual legumes, including serradellas (Ornithopus compressus and O. sativus), biserrula (Biserrula pelecinus) and other Trifolium and Medicago species, has expanded the range of legume options. Strawberry clover (T. fragiferum) was the first non-traditional, perennial legume commercialised in Australia. Other new perennial legumes have recently been developed to overcome the soil acidity and waterlogging productivity constraints of lucerne and white clover and to reduce groundwater recharge and the spread of dryland salinity. These include birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus), Talish clover (T. tumens), and hairy canary clover (Dorycnium hirsutum). Stoloniferous red clover cultivars and sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) cultivars adapted to southern Australia have also been released, along with a new cultivar of Caucasian clover (T. ambiguum) aimed at overcoming seed production issues of cultivars released in the 1970s. New species under development include the annual legume messina (Melilotus siculus) and the perennial legume narrowleaf lotus (L. tenuis) for saline, waterlogged soils, and the drought-tolerant perennial legume tedera (Bituminaria bituminosa var. albomarginata). Traits required in future pasture legumes include greater resilience to declining rainfall and more variable seasons, higher tolerance of soil acidity, higher phosphorous utilisation efficiency, lower potential to produce methane emissions in grazing ruminants, better integration into weed management strategies on mixed farms, and resistance to new pest and disease threats. Future opportunities include supplying new fodder markets and potential pharmaceutical and health uses for humans and livestock. New species could be considered in the future to overcome constraints of existing species, but their commercial success will depend upon perceived need, size of the seed market, ease of establishment, and management and safety of grazing animals and the environment. Molecular biology has a range of potential applications in pasture legume breeding, including marker-assisted and genomics-assisted selection and the identification of quantitative trait loci and candidate genes for important traits. Genetically modified pasture plants are unlikely to be commercialised until public concerns are allayed. Private seed companies are likely to play an increasingly important role in pasture legume development, particularly of mainstream species, but the higher risk and more innovative breakthroughs are likely to come from the public sector, provided the skills base for plant breeding and associated disciplines is maintained.

How can forage production in Nordic and Mediterranean Europe adapt to the challenges and opportunities arising from climate change?

“…In spite of this, there are only a few species used in the Nordic region, and the breeding efforts in the Mediterranean region have been limited. Many annual and perennial legume species, and their rhizobial symbionts, have been collected and developed into varieties and rhizobial strains now widely used in Mediterranean climates in Australia (Nichols et al, 2012). This suggests that varieties of a larger number of legume species could also be developed for use in different regions of Europe.…”

Effects of dark or of red, blue or white light on germination of subterranean clover seeds

“…Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) is an annual herbaceous legume able to withstand the hot, dry summer characteristic of Mediterranean-type environments. Simultaneously it enriches soil with biologically fixed nitrogen which is viewed as the second most fundamentally important biological process after photosynthesis (Howieson et al, 2008;Nichols et al, 2012). Two distinctive characteristics make subterranean clover a particularly successful pasture species.…”

Palatability of Subterranean Clover and Some Perennial Grasses and Legume Forage Crops

“…We will rely on the flexible use of different technological approaches for sustainable management of production of forage for ruminants, including the introduction of new crops. Subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) is a widespread component in the pastures and other grasslands of the temperate areas of Central and Northern Europe and America Piano, 1998, 2002;Kyriazopoulos et al, 2008;Nichols et al, 2012). It is an annual drougth resistant leguminous species with self-seeding capacity thanking to which it presentts in the sward at the beginning and end of vegetation (Yakimova and Yancheva, 1986;Piano et al, 1996;Lemus, 2013).…”

“…It is highly permissive is grazing sheep due widespread habitus, on the one hand, and the placement of the growth points near the soil surface, on the other (Nichols et al, 2012). The forage from subterranean clover had high nutritional value and is taken well by the animals in a form of grazing, hay and silage (Ru and Fortune, 2001;Frame, 2005;Nichols et al, 2012). Subterranean clover is preferred forage in the rations of lambs and cows (Stockdale et al, 1992;Mulholland et al,1996).…”

“…It is an annual drougth resistant leguminous species with self-seeding capacity thanking to which it presentts in the sward at the beginning and end of vegetation (Yakimova and Yancheva, 1986;Piano et al, 1996;Lemus, 2013). It is highly permissive is grazing sheep due widespread habitus, on the one hand, and the placement of the growth points near the soil surface, on the other (Nichols et al, 2012). The forage from subterranean clover had high nutritional value and is taken well by the animals in a form of grazing, hay and silage (Ru and Fortune, 2001;Frame, 2005;Nichols et al, 2012).…”