“…Attempts have been made to characterize the parallel non-zeolite pores by the initial transient permeate responses after step changes in the feed to empty membranes Gardner et al, 2002b), by permporosimetry (Deckman et al, 2001;Hedlund et al, 2002), confocal microscopy (Bonilla et al, 2001a,b;Nair et al, 2001;Nelson et al, 2001), modeling steady-state fluxes including contributions from Knudsen diffusion and viscous flow (Poshusta et al, 1999;van de Graaf et al, 1999), and the permeation behavior after partial calcination (Lin et al, 1998;van de Graaf et al, 1999). The initial transient permeate response through ZSM-5 membranes at 383 K to a feed step change from 0 to 6 kPa of i-C 4 showed a two-step approach to steady state, from which we concluded that about 4% of the i-C 4 flow was through parallel non-zeolite pores (Gardner et al, 2002b).…”