Temperature and size dependent mechanical properties of vapor synthesized zinc tungstate nanowires

Young's Modulus and Thermal Stability of Individual Sb2O3 Nanowires at Elevated Temperatures

“…Through the window, the thermally vibrational spectra of the nanowire cantilever could be detected by a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV; Polytec MSA‐ 500; wavelength λ = 633 nm; 500 μW power; objective: Mitutoyo M Plan APO Plan 50×). According to the Euler–Bernoulli beam theory, Young's modulus, , of the nanowire cantilever can be derived from [ 17,20,21 ] where f n ( T ), L ( T ), I ( T ), A ( T ), and ρ(T) are the resonant frequencies, suspended length, area moment of inertia, cross‐sectional area, and density of the nanowire at temperature T , respectively; and β n (=1.875, 4.694, 7.855, … for n = 1, 2, 3, …) are the constants satisfying the transcendental equation, cos β n cosh β n + 1 = 0. Note that the L , I , A values at RT could be determined by the size and morphology of the nanowire cantilever examined by SEM (JEOL JSM‐7800 F and Nova NanoSEM230) and TEM (FEI Tecnai F20 operated at 200 kV) before and after the test.…”

“…21 549-10) using the optical microscopy (OM) nanomanipulation technique. [17] The vdW adhesion between the nanowire and the grid surface ensured a strong bond during testing and the thermal amplitude of the nanowire was typically in the magnitude of 10 À10 m, [17,20,21] and thus the nanowire could be treated as a cantilever with a rigidly fixed end-support. The Si TEM grid with the nanowire cantilever was then placed in the middle of a heating stage (OKEL 3100; maximum temperature: 400 C, temperature fluctuation: AE1 C), which was sealed in a vacuum chamber with an air pressure of %10 Pa with a sapphire window as shown in Figure 1c.…”

“…Through the window, the thermally vibrational spectra of the nanowire cantilever could be detected by a laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV; Polytec MSA-500; wavelength λ ¼ 633 nm; 500 μW power; objective: Mitutoyo M Plan APO Plan 50Â). According to the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, Young's modulus, EðTÞ, of the nanowire cantilever can be derived from [17,20,21] EðTÞ ¼ 4ρðTÞAðTÞπ 2 LðTÞ 4 f 2 n ðTÞ β 4 n IðTÞ…”

Advances in assembled micro- and nanoscale mechanical contact probes

“…Numerous optical interferometric read-out strategies have been used to detect oscillating NW cantilevers (Biedermann et al, 2010). Commercially available Michelson interferometry systems have been routinely applied to NW resonance detection for elastic modulus characterization (Wang et al, 2021;Ma et al, 2022). Polarization-enhanced Michelson interferometry has been shown to obtain sufficient reflected light from NWs with diameters down to 44 nm (Nichol et al, 2008).…”

“…Whilst the cross-sectional dimensions of NWs are below the diffraction-limited resolution of OM, the detection of sufficiently long NWs above a minimum diameter has been demonstrated (Ma et al, 2022). This capability has facilitated the mechanical characterization of NWs using relatively low-cost OM imagingbased read-out strategies.…”