Young's Modulus and Thermal Stability of Individual Sb₂O₃ Nanowires at Elevated Temperatures

Abstract

Young's modulus of Sb2O3 nanowires with nominal diameters of 51–170 nm is measured by using a laser‐Doppler vibrometry within the temperature range of 300–650 K. The Young's modulus is found to decrease linearly with the elevated temperature ranging from 300 to ≈475 K. The temperature coefficient of Young's modulus (TCE) is ≈−170 ppm K−1 when nanowire diameter is above ≈100 nm, below which the coefficient decreases to ≈−310 ppm K−1 with the diameters down to ≈50 nm. This strong size‐dependent TCE is attributed to the synergistic reaction of temperature and size/surface effects. Nanowires would sublimate or even melt starting from their tips at elevated temperatures, even though the temperature is far below the melting point of the bulk counterpart. The observed thermomechanical behavior of nanowires provides the basis and reference for the optimal design and operation of high‐temperature nanodevices using nanowires as building blocks.

Size- and temperature-dependent Young’s modulus of individual ZnS nanobelts

“…In particular, as all nanobelts have rectangular cross-sections, we can use the thickness to evaluate the surface effects on modulus, and effectively remove the uncertainties from the effects of crosssectional morphology [17,43]. Usually, nanowires/nanobelt cantilevers tend to initiate at their tip ends at temperatures far below their bulk melting points, which can slightly shorten their resonating lengths and thus slightly increase the resonant frequencies [22,23]. This can slow down the decrease of the resonant frequencies and lead to the linear-nonlinear transition.…”

“…a 38% decrease as compared to the value for the 110 nm nanobelt. Clearly, TCE of nanobelts is more sensitive to their thickness than E. This is understandable as TCE reflects the synergistic effects of temperature and size/surface [21][22][23].…”

“…In situ electron microscope-based mechanical resonance methods are not commonly utilized for measurement at elevated temperatures due to significant technical challenges. In our recent studies, we developed a mechanical resonance method based on laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) [20][21][22][23]. Here, the real-time measurement of the resonant frequency variation of individual cantilevered 1D nanomaterials was carried out over a controlled environmental temperature range.…”

“…Here, the real-time measurement of the resonant frequency variation of individual cantilevered 1D nanomaterials was carried out over a controlled environmental temperature range. The method was straight-forward to implement and uncover the temperature and size dependences of the Young's modulus of ZnO, SiC, ZnWO 4 , and Sb 2 O 3 nanowires/nanobelts [20][21][22][23]. In this study, we use the resonant approach to measure the Young's modulus of individual ZnS nanobelt cantilevers with thicknesses down to 30 nm over a temperature range of 300-650 K. The size-dependent thermomechanical behavior of ZnS nanobelts is then discussed.…”

Frictional behavior of one-dimensional materials: an experimental perspective

“…The outstanding mechanical, 1–6 electrical, 7–9 and optical 10–13 properties of one-dimensional (1D) materials including nanofibers (NFs), nanowires (NWs), nanotubes (NTs), and nanorods (NRs), along with their high aspect ratio, large surface-to-volume ratio, and low defect density, have unlocked a plethora of exciting possibilities across various applications. These materials unlock tremendous potential across a wide array of applications, ranging from the micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS/NEMS) design 14–17 to the development of nanogenerators for energy harvesting, 18–25 and advanced material innovation 26,27 to groundbreaking advancements in biomedical research.…”