Temperature and Transpiration Resistances of <i>Xanthium</i> Leaves as Affected by Air Temperature, Humidity, and Wind Speed

Drake, Bert G.; Raschke, Klaus; Salisbury, Frank B.

doi:10.1104/pp.46.2.324

Cited by 127 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…4), and that the extent to which stomata respond to humidity varies between species (12). Reduced stomatal response to humidity at higher temperatures is also apparent in the data of Drake et al (5). The small stomatal response to ambient humidity obtained by Wilson (28) (Fig.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…In earlier work, when progressively drier air resulted in stomatal closure, it was frequently assumed that the stomatal closure was caused by changes in bulk leaf water status (5). However, the studies of Schulze et al (23) with apricot clearly demonstrated that stomata may respond to humidity independently of effects that humidity might have on bulk leaf water status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Stomatal Response to Environment with Sesamum indicum. L.

Hall

Kaufmann²

1975

Plant Physiol.

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Leaf resistance of Sesamum indicurn L. increased when the humidity gradient between leaf and air was increased, at moderate temperatures, even though calculated carbon dioxide concentrations within the leaf decreased slightly. Mesophyll resistance remained relatively constant when humidity gradients were changed, indicating that the increases in leaf resistance were mainly caused by reductions in stomatal aperture and that nonstomatal aspects of photosynthesis and respiration were not affected. Low carbon dioxide concentrations inside the leaf decreased but did not eliminate resistance response to the humidity gradient. Internal carbon dioxide concentrations had little effect on resistance in humid air but had moderate effects on resistance with large humidity gradients between leaf and air. Stomatal response to humidity was not present at high leaf temperatures. Effects of humidity gradients on photosynthetic and stomatal responses to temperature suggested that large humidity gradients may contribute to mid-day closure of stomata and depressions in photosynthesis.The adaptation of plants to arid environments should be influenced by stomatal response to environment since optimal stomatal apertures would vary with changes in evaporative demand and with the changes in climate that influence net photosynthesis and the thermal balance of the plant. It is also probable that optimal stomatal apertures would depend upon phenotypic attributes such as heat tolerance and intrinsic photosynthetic capabilities, and upon the adaptive strategy of the plant (e.g., whether rapid growth or water use efficiency is more important).It has been suggested that stomata respond to several environmental parameters including radiation, internal CO2 concentrations, humidity gradients, and temperature. Interactions between these parameters are poorly understood and the control mechanisms for stomatal response are subject to controversy. Negative feedback relationships between leaf water status and stomatal aperture (4,21) (1,2,6,9,15,20). It has also been proposed that stomata may respond to the humidity gradient between leaf and air independently of effects 'This work was supported by National Science Foundation Grant GB 39856 to M. R. K.caused by changes in bulk leaf water status (3,12,16,23). This response system would provide an adaptive advantage in arid environments because it could prevent the development of water stress in the metabolically active cells within the leaf (23), and because it would promote the efficient use of water by plants (12). It has been suggested that stomata do not respond directly to humidity (18,22,28). Stomatal response to temperature is also a controversial subject with reports of stomata opening, closing, or not being affected by increases in temperature (1 8, 24). Stomatal response to temperature is important in relation to the maintenance of evaporative cooling and net photosynthesis, and to the avoidance of desiccation in hot, dry climates.The extent to which internal [CO,], humidity gradients,...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Stomatal Response to Environment with Sesamum indicum. L.

Hall

Kaufmann²

1975

Plant Physiol.

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“…After the pretreatment had been completed, plants were removed from the growth chamber, and all but the leaf having a total surface area closest to 160 cm2 were excised. To keep it from fluttering, a wire loop, just (2) where u and 1 refer to upper and lower leaf surfaces. The value of the leaf resistance for each surface was the average of three measurements.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aftereffects of Low and High Temperature Pretreatment on Leaf Resistance, Transpiration, and Leaf Temperature in Xanthium

Drake¹

1972

Plant Physiol.

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Leaf resistance for water vapor (total diffusion resistance minus boundary layer resistance), transpiration, and leaf temperature were measured in attached leaves of greenhouse-grown Xanthium strumarium L. plants that had been pretreated for 72 hours with high (40 C day, 35 C night), or low (10 C day, 5 C night) air temperatures. Measurements were made in a wind tunnel at light intensity of 1.15 cal cm-2 min-', air temperatures between 5 and 45 C, and wind speed of 65 cm sec1. Leaf resistances in low temperature pretreated plants were higher (8 to 27 sec cm-') than in controls or high temperature pretreated plants (0.5 to 8 sec cm-') at leaf temperatures between 5 and 25 C. Thus, the pretreatment influenced stomatal aperture.The temperature experienced by a plant during its immediate past history produces an effect on the net photosynthesis measured subsequently at any other temperature (3,5,6,(10)(11)(12)(13)(14). This aftereffect of temperature may be localized within the CO, assimilatory apparatus within the leaf (4). It may also be partially due to the stomata (5), since they govern the rate of supply of CO2 from the air to the carbon fixing tissues. Most studies of aftereffects of temperature upon photosynthesis have neglected this aspect.The stomata also regulate transpiration, and from simultaneous measurements of transpiration, leaf temperature, and water vapor pressure of the air, it is possible to calculate the total diffusion resistance to water vapor flux (Er). This resistance can be partitioned into the diffusion resistance across the boundary layer (ra) of air surrounding the leaf and the diffusion resistance of the leaf (r,) The area of uniform light produced by this lamp was approximately 40 cm in diameter when the irradiance was 0.80 cal cm2 min1. The irradiance used in this study was 1.0 to 1.3 cal cm-2 min-' net radiation of which 0.80 cal cm-2 min-' was from the lamp in the range 0.38 to 2.00 nm. The remaining portion was long wave radiation emitted by the Mylar ceiling and the floor of the wind tunnel. The intensity of the long wave portion of the net radiation increased as the air temperature in the wind tunnel increased. In all experiments, the average wind velocity at the leading edge of the leaf was kept constant at 63 cm sec-'. Experiments with blackened, copper-plated leaf models showed that this wind velocity corresponded to an average boundary layer resistance of 0.8 sec cm-' in leaves that were 10.0 to 11.0 cm across the downwind dimension. Humidity was either high or low. When high humidity was desired, water was allowed to flow through fiberglass filters in the air stream. A degree of control over the water vapor pressure in the air was obtained by regulating the temperature of the water supplied to the filters. Low humidity was attained by stopping the water flow across the filters and passing a portion of the air that was circulating in the wind tunnel through a dryer. As

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“…STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE AND THE ENERGY BUDGET Reduced transpiration alters partitioning of energy between latent heat loss and convective exchange, potentially increasing leaf temperature (63). Elevating C a to 55 Pa consistently decreased g s and increased canopy temperature of cotton about 1°C (173).…”

Section: Acclimation Of G S To Elevated C Amentioning

confidence: 99%

MORE EFFICIENT PLANTS: A Consequence of Rising Atmospheric CO₂?

Drake

Gonzàlez-Meler

Long

1997

Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol. Plant. Mol. Biol.

1,800

1,465

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KEY WORDS: CO2 and plants, CO2 and photosynthesis, CO2 and stomata, CO2 and respiration, plants and climate change ABSTRACTThe primary effect of the response of plants to rising atmospheric CO 2 (C a ) is to increase resource use efficiency. Elevated C a reduces stomatal conductance and transpiration and improves water use efficiency, and at the same time it stimulates higher rates of photosynthesis and increases light-use efficiency. Acclimation of photosynthesis during long-term exposure to elevated C a reduces key enzymes of the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle, and this increases nutrient use efficiency. Improved soil-water balance, increased carbon uptake in the shade, greater carbon to nitrogen ratio, and reduced nutrient quality for insect and animal grazers are all possibilities that have been observed in field studies of the effects of elevated C a . These effects have major consequences for agriculture and native ecosystems in a world of rising atmospheric C a and climate change. CONTENTS

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Temperature and Transpiration Resistances of Xanthium Leaves as Affected by Air Temperature, Humidity, and Wind Speed

Cited by 127 publications

References 10 publications

Stomatal Response to Environment with Sesamum indicum. L.

Stomatal Response to Environment with Sesamum indicum. L.

Aftereffects of Low and High Temperature Pretreatment on Leaf Resistance, Transpiration, and Leaf Temperature in Xanthium

MORE EFFICIENT PLANTS: A Consequence of Rising Atmospheric CO₂?

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Temperature and Transpiration Resistances of Xanthium Leaves as Affected by Air Temperature, Humidity, and Wind Speed

Cited by 127 publications

References 10 publications

Stomatal Response to Environment with Sesamum indicum. L.

Stomatal Response to Environment with Sesamum indicum. L.

Aftereffects of Low and High Temperature Pretreatment on Leaf Resistance, Transpiration, and Leaf Temperature in Xanthium

MORE EFFICIENT PLANTS: A Consequence of Rising Atmospheric CO2?

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MORE EFFICIENT PLANTS: A Consequence of Rising Atmospheric CO₂?