Temperature as a Driver of the Pathogenicity and Virulence of Amphibian Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis: A Systematic Review

Turner, Anna; Wassens, Skye; Heard, Geoffrey W.; Peters, Andrew

doi:10.7589/jwd-d-20-00105

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 105 publications

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“…Here, we assessed differences in the demography of L. raniformis between these climatically disparate portions of the species' range, with semi‐arid populations being represented by those in the ‘Lowbidgee’ area of south‐western New South Wales and temperate populations represented by those in Melbourne and Gippsland in Victoria (Figure 1). These are the same populations studied by Turner, Wassens, Heard, and Peters (2021), in which the significant differences in infection risk were detected. We asked four specific questions: asking four specific questions: How does the age structure of L. raniformis populations differ between temperate and semi‐arid regions, in which Bd infection risk disease risk is substantially different? Within regions, what additional environmental variables are correlated with age structure? Do growth rates of L. raniformis differ between temperate and semi‐arid regions? What factors influence survival rates of L. raniformis ? …”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 59%

“…Here, we assessed differences in the demography of L. raniformis between these climatically disparate portions of the species' range, with semi-arid populations being represented by those in the 'Lowbidgee' area of south-western New South Wales and temperate populations represented by those in Melbourne and Gippsland in Victoria (Figure 1). These are the same populations studied by Turner, Wassens, Heard, and Peters (2021), in which the significant differences in infection risk were detected. We asked four specific questions: asking four specific questions:…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…Despite the extensive Bd prevalence and intensity data collected across these sites by Turner, Wassens, Heard, and Peters ( 2021 ), robust and comparable estimates of these parameters site‐by‐site were not available due to variation in capture and sampling success. As such, site‐level estimates of Bd infection risk could not be included as predictors in models of the age structure of L. raniformis , with focus instead on regional differences corresponding to documented variation in Bd infection prevalence and intensity (as reported by Turner, Wassens, Heard, & Peters, 2021 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age structure of amphibian populations with endemic chytridiomycosis, across climatic regions with markedly different infection risk

Turner

Heard

Hall

et al. 2022

Ecology and Evolution

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Threatening processes, such as disease, can drive major changes in population demographics of the host. Chytridiomycosis, caused by the fungal pathogen Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis ( Bd ), has led to the decline of at least 500 amphibian species across the globe and has been shown to truncate host age structure by lowering adult survival rates. This results in heavy reliance on annual recruitment and the inability to recover in the event of periodic recruitment failure. We used skeletochronology to determine the age structure, growth, and survival rates of populations of an endangered amphibian, Litoria raniformis , with endemic chytridiomycosis, across two climatically disparate regions in south‐eastern Australia: semi‐arid and temperate. Contrary to predictions, populations in the semi‐arid region (in which chytrid prevalence is substantially lower due to high temperatures) displayed a more truncated age structure than populations in the temperate study regions. Maximum recorded age was only two years in the semi‐arid region compared with up to four years in the temperate region. Wetland hydroperiod and average seasonal air temperature were correlated with age, and males had a slightly higher survival rate than females (0.31 for males and 0.27 for females). Despite the previously documented differences in chytrid prevalence between the two climatic regions, water availability and wetland hydroperiods appear the over‐riding determinants of the age structure and survival rates of L. raniformis . Targeted management which ensures water availability and improves survival of 1‐year‐old frogs into their second and third breeding season would reduce the impact of stochastic events on L. raniformis , and this may be true for numerous frog species susceptible to chytridiomycosis.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Age structure of amphibian populations with endemic chytridiomycosis, across climatic regions with markedly different infection risk

Turner

Heard

Hall

et al. 2022

Ecology and Evolution

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“…Likewise, infection outcomes can also depend on variation in pathogen virulence, which can result from genotypic differences among pathogen strains or genotypes (2)(3)(4). While contemporary conditions (i.e., local abiotic and biotic environments) may significantly influence host susceptibility [e.g., (5)] and/or pathogen virulence [reviewed in Turner et al (6)], prior interactions between host and pathogen populations may also contribute to significant variability in disease outcomes. For example, a pathogen introduced to naïve host populations may cause severe outbreaks (i.e., epizootic disease), while recently or historically co-occurring hosts and pathogens may show disease dynamics that are tempered with mild or no disease despite pathogen presence [i.e., enzootic disease or absent disease; (7,8)].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endemic Lineages of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Are Associated With Reduced Chytridiomycosis-Induced Mortality in Amphibians: Evidence From a Meta-Analysis of Experimental Infection Studies

et al. 2022

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Emerging infectious wildlife diseases have caused devastating declines, particularly when pathogens have been introduced in naïve host populations. The outcome of disease emergence in any host population will be dictated by a series of factors including pathogen virulence, host susceptibility, and prior opportunity for coevolution between hosts and pathogens. Historical coevolution can lead to increased resistance in hosts and/or reduced virulence in endemic pathogens that allows stable persistence of host and pathogen populations. Adaptive coevolution may also occur on relatively short time scales following introduction of a novel pathogen. Here, we performed a meta-analysis of multi-strain Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) infection experiments to test whether: (1) amphibian hosts exhibit lower mortality rates when infected with strains belonging to endemic Bd lineages relative to the Global Panzootic Lineage (Bd-GPL), hypothetically owing to long co-evolutionary histories between endemic Bd lineages and their amphibian hosts; and (2) amphibians exhibit lower mortality rates when infected with local Bd-GPL strains compared with non-local Bd-GPL strains, hypothetically owing to recent selection for tolerance or resistance to local Bd-GPL strains. We found that in a majority of cases, amphibians in endemic Bd treatments experienced reduced mortality relative to those in Bd-GPL treatments. Hosts presumed to have historically coexisted with endemic Bd did not show reduced mortality to Bd-GPL compared with hosts that have not historically coexisted with endemic Bd. Finally, we detected no overall difference in amphibian mortality between local and non-local Bd-GPL treatments. Taken together, our results suggest that long-term historical coexistence is associated with less disease-induced mortality potentially due to hypovirulence in endemic Bd lineages, and that more recent coexistence between amphibians and Bd-GPL has not yet resulted in reduced host susceptibility or pathogen virulence. This corroborates previous findings that Bd-GPL introduced via the global amphibian trade has a high capacity for causing disease-induced mortality.

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“…In chipmunks, temperature is positively correlated with infection by parasitic botflies (Paquette et al ., 2020), and in corals increased temperatures are associated with increased severity of outbreaks of black band disease (Harvell et al ., 2007). Therefore, warmer temperatures have been linked with range shifts and increased virulence of parasites in humans (Bartlow et al ., 2019; Caminade et al ., 2019) as well as among wild hosts (Kent et al ., 2020; Turner et al ., 2021). Nonetheless, the complexity of any host–parasite‐environment system means that the links between temperature, parasite prevalence and impact on host populations often remain unclear.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

No strong associations between temperature and the host–parasite interaction in wild stickleback

Granroth‐Wilding

Candolin

2022

Journal of Fish Biology

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As climate change progresses, thermal stress is expected to alter the way that host organisms respond to infections by pathogens and parasites, with consequences for the fitness and therefore population processes of both host and parasite. The authors used a correlational natural experiment to examine how temperature differences shape the impact of the cestode parasite Schistocephalus solidus on its host, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Previous laboratory work has found that high temperatures benefit S. solidus while being detrimental to the stickleback.The present study sought to emulate this design in the wild, repeatedly sampling naturally infected and uninfected fish at matched warmer and cooler locations in the Baltic Sea.In this wild study, the authors found little evidence that temperature was associated with the host-parasite interaction. Although infection reduced host condition and reproductive status overall, these effects did not vary with temperature. Host fitness indicators correlated to some extent with temperature, with cooler capture sites associated with larger size but warmer sites with improved reproductive potential.Parasite fitness (prevalence or size) was not correlated with temperature at the capture site.These mismatches between laboratory and field outcomes illustrate how findings from well-controlled laboratory experiments may not fully reflect processes in more variable natural settings. Nonetheless, the findings of this study indicate that temperature can influence host fitness regardless of infection, with potential consequences for both host demography and parasite transmission dynamics in this complex system.

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Temperature as a Driver of the Pathogenicity and Virulence of Amphibian Chytrid Fungus Batrachochytrium Dendrobatidis: A Systematic Review

Cited by 18 publications

References 105 publications

Age structure of amphibian populations with endemic chytridiomycosis, across climatic regions with markedly different infection risk

Age structure of amphibian populations with endemic chytridiomycosis, across climatic regions with markedly different infection risk

Endemic Lineages of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis Are Associated With Reduced Chytridiomycosis-Induced Mortality in Amphibians: Evidence From a Meta-Analysis of Experimental Infection Studies

No strong associations between temperature and the host–parasite interaction in wild stickleback

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