Temperature dependence of the gain in erbium-doped fibers

Kagi, N.; Oyobe, A.; Nakamura, K.

doi:10.1109/50.65884

Cited by 80 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Experimentally, transformation from −π/2 to 0 was accompanied by overall blue-shift of the envelope of the modulated optical spectrum, while transformation from −π/2 to −π (from −π to −π/2) was accompanied by overall red-shift (blue-shift) of the envelope of the spectrum. These intriguing phenomena imply that transformation of bound states is closely related to slight change of optical spectra, which stems from change of gain spectrum of the active fibre under fluctuations of ambient temperature [72,73]. Change of phase differences shows good flexibility of bound states to adapt to the environment.…”

Section: Stability Of Soliton Moleculesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soliton Molecules and Multisoliton States in Ultrafast Fibre Lasers: Intrinsic Complexes in Dissipative Systems

et al. 2018

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Featured Application: High-capacity telecommunication, advanced time-resolved spectroscopy, self-organization and chaos in dissipative systems. Abstract:Benefiting from ultrafast temporal resolution, broadband spectral bandwidth, as well as high peak power, passively mode-locked fibre lasers have attracted growing interest and exhibited great potential from fundamental sciences to industrial and military applications. As a nonlinear system containing complex interactions from gain, loss, nonlinearity, dispersion, etc., ultrafast fibre lasers deliver not only conventional single soliton but also soliton bunching with different types. In analogy to molecules consisting of several atoms in chemistry, soliton molecules (in other words, bound solitons) in fibre lasers are of vital importance for in-depth understanding of the nonlinear interaction mechanism and further exploration for high-capacity fibre-optic communications. In this Review, we summarize the state-of-the-art advances on soliton molecules in ultrafast fibre lasers. A variety of soliton molecules with different numbers of soliton, phase-differences and pulse separations were experimentally observed owing to the flexibility of parameters such as mode-locking techniques and dispersion control. Numerical simulations clearly unravel how different nonlinear interactions contribute to formation of soliton molecules. Analysis of the stability and the underlying physical mechanisms of bound solitons bring important insights to this field. For a complete view of nonlinear optical phenomena in fibre lasers, other dissipative states such as vibrating soliton pairs, soliton rains, rogue waves and coexisting dissipative solitons are also discussed. With development of advanced real-time detection techniques, the internal motion of different pulsing states is anticipated to be characterized, rendering fibre lasers a versatile platform for nonlinear complex dynamics and various practical applications.

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Section: Stability Of Soliton Moleculesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soliton Molecules and Multisoliton States in Ultrafast Fibre Lasers: Intrinsic Complexes in Dissipative Systems

et al. 2018

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“…At room temperature T 26°C, the laser exhibits the slope efficiency of η s 0.46%. When the temperature was raised to T 500°C, the efficiency decreased to η s 0.175%, due to the degraded gain spectrum, where the gain is depleted with increasing temperature by changing the saturated population inversion [12]. At the highest temperature T 750°C, the laser efficiency was significantly reduced to η s 0.069%.…”

Section: × 10mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…A slow growth in reflection was initially observed. This is mainly due to the degraded absorption of erbium-doped fiber [12]. When the fiber temperature was raised to T 800°C, the isothermal annealing started.…”

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confidence: 99%

Regenerated distributed Bragg reflector fiber lasers for high-temperature operation

Chen

Yan

et al. 2013

Opt. Lett.

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This Letter presents distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) fiber lasers for high-temperature operation at 750°C. Thermally regenerated fiber gratings were used as the feedback elements to construct an erbium-doped DBR fiber laser. The output power of the fiber laser can reach 1 mW at all operating temperatures. The output power fluctuation tested at 750°C was 1.06% over a period of 7 hours. The thermal regeneration grating fabrication process opens new possibilities to design and to implement fiber laser sensors for extreme environments. In comparison with the gratings used in previously discussed fiber lasers, thermally regenerated gratings [5][6][7] are another class of high-temperature-resistant fiber gratings. The thermal regeneration of high-temperatureresistant gratings involves a mechanical relaxation process [8], which is independent from the chemical composition of fibers and hydrogen loading processes. Thus, thermally regenerated gratings can be fabricated in a wide variety of fibers at low cost for extreme environments. Wang et al. has reported linear temperature and strain responses in thermally regenerated gratings from room temperature to 1100°C [9], which render regenerated gratings as a significant enhancement to conventional fiber grating applications, especially for extreme environments. Recently, we have demonstrated a regenerated-grating-based high-temperature pressure sensor, with which hydrostatic pressure 15-2400 psi and high temperature (24°C-800°C) can be accurately measured simultaneously [10].In addition to passive sensing applications, regenerated gratings can offer considerable potential for applications in high-power laser [4] and active fiber sensing areas, where internal temperatures of fiber lasers can anneal conventional gratings out under high laser output power. With specially optimized optical fibers and strong seeds, regenerated gratings with 98.5% reflectance (∼18 dB) can be readily fabricated [11], which is normally sufficient for laser oscillation with a relatively small cavity size.In this Letter, we present studies and characterization of high-temperature stable distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) fiber lasers using the regenerative grating technique. Two regenerated gratings are used as reflectors in a DBR fiber laser for high-temperature operation. The laser performance was characterized from the room temperature to 750°C. Continuous monitoring for the laser output power was performed to quantify its stability at elevated temperatures. The regenerated gratings and output power of the laser are shown to be stable at 750°C for more than 7 hours. For fiber lasers demanding high-temperature stability or high-power operation, regenerated-grating-based DBR fiber laser (RDBR) stands out as a simple and reliable solution.In this work, seed gratings were fabricated in standard telecommunications fibers (Corning SMF-28). To enhance photosensitivity, the fibers were soaked in a hydrogen chamber at T ∼ 25°C, P ∼ 2400 psi (165 bars) for about 1 week. Two L 2.5 cm long FBGs with λ Bragg ...

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“…To date, some of the most important techniques employed to reveal the location of dopants in bulk samples such as fiber preforms are based on the use of methods that are commonly applied in the field of analytical chemistry and material science. These techniques include; secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), 9,17,22 inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy or inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, 17,18 and X-ray microprobe analysis. 11 In addition, the confinement of dopants in fiber preforms has been examined using the electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) method and its counterpart systems.…”

Section: Re Dopant Determination In Optical Fiber Preformsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contributed Review: A review of the investigation of rare-earth dopant profiles in optical fibers

Sidiroglou

Roberts

Baxter

2016

Review of Scientific Instruments

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Articles you may be interested inFiber-optic thermometer application of thermal radiation from rare-earth end-doped SiO2 fiber Rev. Sci. Instrum. 85, 084903 (2014) Rare-earth doped optical fibers have captivated the interest of many researchers around the world across the past three decades. The growth of this research field has been stimulated primarily through their application in optical communications as fiber lasers and amplifiers, although rare-earth doped optical fiber based devices are now finding important uses in many other scientific and industrial areas (for example, medicine, sensing, the military, and material processing). Such wide commercial interest has provided a strong incentive for innovative fiber designs, alternative glass compositions, and novel fabrication processes. A prerequisite for the ongoing progress of this research field is developing the capacity to provide high resolution information about the rare-earth dopant distribution profiles within the optical fibers. This paper constitutes a comprehensive review of the imaging techniques that have been utilized in the analysis of the distribution of the rare-earth ion erbium within the core of optical fibers. Published by AIP Publishing. [http://dx

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Temperature dependence of the gain in erbium-doped fibers

Cited by 80 publications

References 12 publications

Soliton Molecules and Multisoliton States in Ultrafast Fibre Lasers: Intrinsic Complexes in Dissipative Systems

Soliton Molecules and Multisoliton States in Ultrafast Fibre Lasers: Intrinsic Complexes in Dissipative Systems

Regenerated distributed Bragg reflector fiber lasers for high-temperature operation

Contributed Review: A review of the investigation of rare-earth dopant profiles in optical fibers

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