Temperature distribution and melt geometry in laser and electron-beam melting processes – A comparison among common materials

Finite Element Simulation of Selective Laser Melting process considering Optical Penetration Depth of laser in powder bed

“…14 melting (EBM) [31] and laser metal powder deposition (LMPD) [32]. The melt pool size, also, gets smaller as the scanning speed increases.…”

Additive Manufacturing of Titanium Alloys for Orthopedic Applications: A Materials Science Viewpoint

“…Taking a closer view, pre-alloyed Ti-6Al-4V powders, with a liquidus temperature of 1650ºC and solidus temperature of 1605ºC, display a "mushy" zone within the melt pool, and the cooling rate of this melt pool informs the layer-wise microstructural progression [57] . Cooling rates within the melt pool can range between 12000 and 40000 ºC/s depending on the amount of energy supplied (dictated by process parameters such as laser power and scan speed) [44,58] .…”

“…EBM is a powder bed fusion technique quite similar to SLM, with the major difference being the energy source, which is an electron beam as opposed to a laser beam [57,83] . This requires a high vacuum in the build chamber to maintain beam integrity.…”

Modelling of additive manufacturing processes: a review and classification

“…In Table 6, a summarization of the process, parameters and KPIs of the different modelling approaches can be seen. In EBM, there is a limited number of the existing modelling publications, which focus almost entirely on thermal modelling [72], in which the analytical approach has been followed and [32,41,49,50,[73][74][75][76][77] via numerical methods. However, in [32] the residual stresses and distortions are also modelled using numerical methods.…”

“…Reference number KPI Process parameter (Variable) [32] Residual stresses, distortions [41] System temperature [49] Heat transfer related [50] Part Temperature history Layer position in the part under construction [72] Penetration depth, energy loss Target material, accelerating voltage [73] Absorption coefficient Penetration depth, dissipated energy [74] Thermal modelling, melt pool dimensions Beam power, beam scan speed [75] Thermal modelling, melt pool dimensions Beam speed, beam current, beam diameter [76] Thermal modelling Acceleration, voltage, current, shape, beam gun movements, exponential, constant absorption types [77] Thermal modelling, lifetime dimensions of the melt pool Scan speed, line energy Table 7. Classification of the of the modelling studies on the DED AM process.…”