Temperature distribution in human skin and subdermal tissues

Saxena, V. P.

doi:10.1016/0022-5193(83)90365-x

Cited by 56 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…e e e ss T C C r s i and j    Thus: ( ) ( ) (19) ee ji a r r  Using the above expressions for physical and physiological parameters (8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14) and expression for temperature variation (15) in (6) T only of the surface element.…”

Section: For Abnormal Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient State Finite Element Model to Analyse Thermal Variations in Peripheral Region of Human Limb undergoing Healing after Surgery

Gupta¹,

Shakya²

2014

IOSRJM

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Section: For Abnormal Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transient State Finite Element Model to Analyse Thermal Variations in Peripheral Region of Human Limb undergoing Healing after Surgery

Gupta¹,

Shakya²

2014

IOSRJM

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“…In accordance with other skin models [1,6,8,9], the skin is assumed to consist of three layers with different physiological properties: the epidermis (outermost layer of skin), the dermis (intermediate layer), and the subcutaneous fatty layer. These three layers are denoted by R 4 , R 5 and R 6 .…”

Section: The Mathematical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The temperature distribution in the skin region is determined by the Pennes' bio-heat equation [2,8,9, 10]…”

Section: Heat Transfer Model In Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, T b is a function of the central blood pool temperature, the counter current heat exchange between arteries and veins, and body location [2]. Here we are unable to model the central blood pool temperature and the counter current heat exchange process so we assume T b is constant [8,9].…”

Section: Heat Transfer Model In Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In view of the properties of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, the thermal conductivities in each region are assumed constant but vary between layers [9] and the rate of metabolic heat generation and the rate of blood perfusion are negligible in the epidermis, uniform in subcutaneous tissue, and vary linearly in the dermis [8,9]. That is,…”

Section: Heat Transfer Model In Skinmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal storage and insulation properties of a diver dry suit

Gear¹,

Ding²,

Ding³

2010

ANZIAMJ

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Thermal storage and insulation properties of a diver dry suit incorporating phase change material are investigated. A complete model for the fabric, air-gap, skin system is developed. The numerical results show that the diver dry suit consisting of phase change material and conventional insulating materials provides significantly enhanced thermal protection under cold environmental conditions. A sensitivity analysis investigates how changes in the values of the thickness of air space affect the temperature distribution in the system.

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Design of a DNA‐Based Double Network Hydrogel for Electronic Skin Applications

Tang

et al. 2022

Adv Materials Technologies

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Unfortunately, it is difficult for these new materials to have combined transparency, low modulus, high toughness, selfrecovery, and high sensitivity.Conductive hydrogels are new softwet materials that can transform external stress stimuli (e.g., tension or pressure) into detectable digital electrical signals (e.g., current, voltage, or capacitance) and are ideal candidate materials for e-skin. Traditional single-network (SN) conductive hydrogels have a low elasticity modulus, good self-recovery, and fatigue resistance properties; however, they lack toughness. [7][8][9] Toughened nanocomposite (NC) hydrogels and hybrid hydrogels exhibit high toughness but have high elasticity moduli. However, the biotoxicity caused by chemical cross-linking agents during hydrogel preparation is another factor limiting the application of conductive hydrogels in vivo.Double network (DN) hydrogels, especially fully physically cross-linked DN hydrogels, can address these disadvantages by elaborately designing the first and second networks, owing to their peculiar energy dissipation mechanism for enhancing their mechanical properties. By introducing dynamically reversible physical bonds or interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonds, [10,11] metal ion complexation, [12,13] hydrophobic association, [14,15] or polymer chain entanglement [16,17] ) into both networks, fully physically cross-linked DN hydrogels can be fabricated, endowing the hydrogel with excellent self-recovery, anti-fatigue, and adhesion properties. Zheng et al. reported a series of fully physically cross-linked DN hydrogels based on reversible hydrogen bond and ion complexation, including Agar/poly(acrylic acid) -Fe 3+ (Agar/PAAc-Fe 3+ ) gels, [18] Agar/poly(N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide) (Agar/pHEAA), [10] and Gelatin/pHEAA. [19] Recently, Gao et al. constructed a fully physically cross-linked alginate (SA)/poly(acrylamide-acrylic acid -octadecyl methacrylate)-Fe 3+ (SAp(AAm-AAc-OMA)-Fe 3+ ) DN hydrogel using hydrophobic association and ionic coordination. [20] The hydrogel exhibited a tensile strength of 3.31 MPa, prominent anti-fatigue properties, and a self-recovery efficiency of ≈100% after 5 min.DNA is a biological macromolecule with a double-helix structure that can be reversibly switched by external stimuli, Electronic skin (e-skin) is widely studied for its ability to detect physiological information and provide feedback through electrical signals. Biocompatible stimulus-responsive DNA-based hydrogels exhibit high sensitivity, which makes them outstanding candidates for biomedical applications. However, several disadvantages, such as weak mechanical properties, expensive manufacturing costs, cumbersome double chain design, and difficulty obtaining bulk size, seriously limit their practical application. Based on the double network (DN) strategy, a universal, low-cost, and high-toughness deoxyribonucleic acid/poly(N-hydroxyethyl acrylamide) (DNA/pHEAA) DN hydrogel is designed. The transparent hydrogel shows tensile stress/strain of 0.96 ± 0.043 MPa/2537.55 ± 23.24%, rapid se...

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Temperature distribution in human skin and subdermal tissues

Cited by 56 publications

References 1 publication

Transient State Finite Element Model to Analyse Thermal Variations in Peripheral Region of Human Limb undergoing Healing after Surgery

Transient State Finite Element Model to Analyse Thermal Variations in Peripheral Region of Human Limb undergoing Healing after Surgery

Thermal storage and insulation properties of a diver dry suit

Design of a DNA‐Based Double Network Hydrogel for Electronic Skin Applications

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