Surface hybridization reactions, in which sequence-specific recognition occurs between immobilized and solution nucleic acids, are routinely carried out to quantify and interpret genomic information. Although hybridization is fairly well understood in bulk solution, the greater complexity of an interfacial environment presents new challenges to a fundamental understanding, and hence application, of these assays. At a surface, molecular interactions are amplified by the two-dimensional nature of the immobilized layer, which focuses the nucleic acid charge and concentration to levels not encountered in solution, and which impacts the hybridization behavior in unique ways. This study finds that, at low ionic strengths, an electrostatic balance between the concentration of immobilized oligonucleotide charge and solution ionic strength governs the onset of hybridization. As ionic strength increases, the importance of electrostatics diminishes and the hybridization behavior becomes more complex. Suppression of hybridization affinity constants relative to solution values, and their weakened dependence on the concentration of DNA counterions, indicate that the immobilized strands form complexes that compete with hybridization to analyte strands. Moreover, an unusual regime is observed in which the surface coverage of immobilized oligonucleotides does not significantly influence the hybridization behavior, despite physical closeness and hence compulsory interactions between sites. These results are interpreted and summarized in a diagram of hybridization regimes that maps specific behaviors to experimental ranges of ionic strength and probe coverage.biosensor ͉ ferrocene ͉ ionic strength ͉ microarray ͉ probe coverage S olid-phase or ''surface'' hybridization is the foundation of modern microarray and biosensing technologies widely used in applied genomics for genotyping, drug discovery, gene expression profiling, and related applications based on measurement of genomic information (1, 2). These tools function through detection of interactions between nucleic acids immobilized on a solid support, or ''probes,'' with analyte ''target'' nucleic acids present in solution. Binding, or hybridization, between probes and targets to form an immobilized duplex takes place based on the degree of complementarity between the probe and target base sequences. The tremendous growth in applications of surface hybridization has been mirrorred by increased emphasis on experimental and fundamental aspects of the assays that directly impact measurement and interpretation of data (3, 4).As summarized in several recent reviews (5-8), physical studies under simplified experimental conditions have begun to unravel the rich phenomenology that occurs in diagnostic assays. Applications typically operate away from equilibrium and are faced with a highly diverse pool of target sequences competing for the probe sites. A variety of aids to enhance hybridization performance is used, including surfactants and blocking agents to control nonspecific adsorp...