Temperature tolerances of Southeast Australian reptiles examined in relation to reptile thermoregulatory behaviour and distribution

Abstract

The Critical temperatures (defined as the upper and lower limits at which the animal can still right itself) were determined for 29 lizard species (13 genera) and four snake species (four genera) of Southeast Australia. In addition to these Critical temperatures, acclimation of the Critical temperatures and also some lethal temperatures were recorded for several of these species. The mean summer Critical Minimum values ranged between 2.2 and 9.8°C. Thigmotherms (Gekkonidae, Lygosominae, Elapidae) and posturing heliotherms (Agamidae, Scincinae, Varanidae) generally had high Critical Minimum values and the shuttling heliotherms (Lygosominae, Elapidae) had the lowest values. The rate of acclimation of the Critical Minimum of ten lizard species was similar and complete acclimation took place within ten days. Following acclimation the final or ultimate Critical Minimum of some species fell below the body freezing point of-0.52°C and locomotion could occur while the lizard was supercooled. Mean summer Critical Maximum values ranged between 37.0 and 44.8°C. Determination of the Lethal Minimum temperatures by continuously cooling the specimens was complicated by the fact that supercooling occurred followed by nucleation or sudden freezing of the body tissues. The Lethal Minimum was best determined by holding specimens at different constant temperature levels then calculating the body temperature at which the species could survive for an indefinite time period. It is concluded, from the data presented in this paper, that if environmental temperatures were to limit the distribution of reptiles then the Critical Minimum level would have more ecological significance than the Critical Maximum.

Principles of Ecology

“…Examples of such acclimation are legion. Adjustment of critical minimum temperature of water skinks (Sphenomorphus) from South Eastern Australia has been demonstrated by Spellerberg, 1972; the work of Graham (1972) demonstrates acclimation of the lower lethal temperature in tropical fish species (Figure 1.10) and more importantly shows a differential capacity for such acclimation between species, related to littoral distribution. Differential capacity for acclimation is also evident from the work of Billings et al (1971) on alpine sorrel.…”

The visual perceptual range of a lizard, Tiliqua rugosa

“…They are posturing heliotherms (Warburg 1965;Spellerberg 1972). Individuals are usually diurnally active when they can maintain warm body temperatures, but they retreat to shaded refuges when their body temperature exceeds their preferred 35°C (Firth and Belan 1998;Kerr and Bull 2004).…”

Evolutionary stasis and lability in thermal physiology in a group of tropical lizards

“…An effect of elevation alone would indicate that certain basking behaviours are more likely to occur at different elevations, whereas a significant interaction would indicate that active lizards differ in how they exploit weather conditions at different elevations. We measured the critical thermal minimum (CT min ) and maximum (CT max ), which refer to the low and high temperatures at which an organism loses locomotor function; these are widely used for measuring the tolerance limits of performance in ectotherms [22,23]. CT min and CT max are estimated as the lower and upper temperatures at which a lizard fails to right itself when flipped onto its back [22].…”