Temporal 24-hour assessment of radio frequency exposure in schools and homes

Verloock, Leen; Joseph, Wout; Goeminne, Francis; Martens, Luc; Verlaek, Mart; Constandt, Kim

doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2014.06.012

Cited by 28 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Wireless local area networks (WLAN) based on WiFi technology are gaining popularity in schools, where devices such as tablets and laptops are being introduced as educational tools. Information on RF‐EMF exposure of children in schools is sparse, with studies mostly sampling a limited number of school locations [Juhász et al, ; Markakis and Samaras, ; Vermeeren et al, ; Verloock et al, ,]. The objective of our study was to assess indoor RF‐EMF levels to which children are exposed in a large number of primary schools in Amsterdam.…”

Section: Frequency Bands Expanded Uncertainty and Results Average mentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiofrequency exposure levels in Amsterdam schools

Wel

Vermeulen

Eijsden

et al. 2017

Bioelectromagnetics

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Section: Frequency Bands Expanded Uncertainty and Results Average mentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiofrequency exposure levels in Amsterdam schools

Wel

Vermeulen

Eijsden

et al. 2017

Bioelectromagnetics

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“…Published literature includes, among others, in‐situ indoor and outdoor measurements in schools and/or playgrounds with or without personal dosimeters for the evaluation of radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) and/or extremely low‐frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields [Juhász et al, ; Vermeeren et al, ; Verloock et al, , ; Liorni et al, ; Struchen et al, ; Gallastegi et al, ; Birks et al, ]. In Greece, a specific legislative framework for children's playgrounds was established in 2009 in order to ensure compliance with the established exposure limits to RF EMF and extremely low‐frequency (ELF) fields [International Commission on Non Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), ].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Radiofrequency and Extremely Low‐Frequency Field Levels at Children's Playground Sites in Greece From 2013 to 2018

Christopoulou

Karabetsos

2019

Bioelectromagnetics

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in-situ measurements of radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) and extremely low-frequency (ELF) electric and magnetic fields in 317 existing and under-construction children's playground facilities, in 16 municipalities all over Greece, were carried out by the Greek Atomic Energy Commission (EEAE). These measurements were conducted following legislative framework established in 2009, which requires that compliance with the established exposure limits for EMFs should be verified in playground areas. The results are presented by the value of the electric field (E) and exposure ratio (Λ) for the RF EMF, as well as the value of the electric field (E) and magnetic flux density (B) for the ELF electric and magnetic fields. Statistical analysis tools were applied on measurement data and conclusions have been made, taking into consideration: (i) environment type (urban/suburban), and (ii) vicinity to any transmitting installations. Measurement results correspond to the typical EMF background levels for each environment type. Concerning the environment type, RF EMF, and ELF electric/magnetic field measurements reveal no differentiation between urban and suburban environments. Bioelectromagnetics. 2019;40:602-605.

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“…cordless phone system on a landline which consists of any number of handsets and base units [7] and the Wi-Fi [20].…”

Section: / 6_________________________________________________________mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GSM-data, GPRS (General Packet Radio Service), EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution), HSDPA (High-Speed Down-link Packet Access), LTE (Long Term Evolution), Bluetooth and WLAN (Wi-Fi), [18]. Unlike older wireless networking protocols, newly introduced LTE may not be yet as protuberant due to the limited number of users subscribed to this technology [20]. In Belgium Joseph et al investigated emerging technologies and found them to contribute to the total outdoor exposure only by more than 3 per cent from UMTS-HSDPA (3G) and less than 1 per cent from LTE and WiMAX as compared to 60 per cent from GSM [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields from Wireless Networking with Portable Computers

Koppel

Vilcane

Ahonen

2015

Safety of Technogenic Environment

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The relevance of this study is determined by the rapid development in the portable computer and wireless data transmission technologies. Modern working and living environments have become abundant in radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. This article investigates the effectiveness of intervention measures to reduce laptop computer user's exposure to the radiofrequency electromagnetic field from wireless networking. Different exposure reduction solutions using 2G, 3G, 4G wireless network modems are studied. Intervention measures include: 1) selecting an area with better wireless network reception and 2) placing the network modem away from the user at different distances. The results show the greatest reduction in exposure when the wireless modem was placed outside the workplace, away from the line of sight. The reception quality also played a determining role in the output power of the computer's wireless modem. Therefore, the highest exposure levels were detected while the wireless modem was closest to the user's body and under the poorest network reception conditions.

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Temporal 24-hour assessment of radio frequency exposure in schools and homes

Abstract:  The WiFi duty cycle (actual usage) is measured and characterized during 24 hours.3

Cited by 28 publications

References 22 publications

Radiofrequency exposure levels in Amsterdam schools

Radiofrequency exposure levels in Amsterdam schools

Evaluation of Radiofrequency and Extremely Low‐Frequency Field Levels at Children's Playground Sites in Greece From 2013 to 2018

Reducing Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields from Wireless Networking with Portable Computers

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