Temporal and spatial monitoring of cyanobacterial blooms at Willow Creek Reservoir, North-Central Oregon

Smith, Cassandra D.

doi:10.3133/sir20185083

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Historically, white has been selected for in breeds to improve their visibility. Breeds used for hunting served two primary purposes: run ahead of the hunter to locate prey and cause it to fly or run out from hiding, or remain stationary with the hunter until sent to retrieve downed game or lost arrows (57,58). Ability of the hunter to visually locate their dog while it searches for game is said to be aided by the adding of white spotting patterns, as is the case with pointer, setter, and spaniel breeds (58–61).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Breeds used for hunting served two primary purposes: run ahead of the hunter to locate prey and cause it to fly or run out from hiding, or remain stationary with the hunter until sent to retrieve downed game or lost arrows (57,58). Ability of the hunter to visually locate their dog while it searches for game is said to be aided by the adding of white spotting patterns, as is the case with pointer, setter, and spaniel breeds (58–61). Conversely, when a dog is meant to remain camouflaged and not startle game, as with retriever breeds, a bland or solid color that will blend into the surrounding foliage is desired (58,59).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ability of the hunter to visually locate their dog while it searches for game is said to be aided by the adding of white spotting patterns, as is the case with pointer, setter, and spaniel breeds (58–61). Conversely, when a dog is meant to remain camouflaged and not startle game, as with retriever breeds, a bland or solid color that will blend into the surrounding foliage is desired (58,59). Terrier breeds, purposed to run alongside hounds in the pursuit of game or to burrow into the terrain to locate quarry, likewise benefitted from white spotting, allowing both hounds and hunters to more easily distinguish the small dogs from foxes (59).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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True Colors: commercially-acquired morphological genotypes reveal hidden allele variation among dog breeds, informing both trait ancestry and breed potential

Dreger

Hooser

Hughes

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Direct-to-consumer canine genetic testing is becoming increasingly popular among dog owners. The data collected therein provides intriguing insight into the current status of morphological variation present within purebred populations. Mars WISDOM PANELTM data from 11,790 anonymized dogs, representing 212 breeds and 4 wild canine species, were evaluated at genes associated with 7 coat color traits and 5 physical characteristics. Frequencies for all tested alleles at these 12 genes were determined by breed and by phylogenetic grouping. A sub-set of the data, consisting of 30 breeds, was divided into separate same-breed populations based on country of collection, body size, coat variation, or lineages selected for working or conformation traits. Significantly different (p ≤ 0.00167) allele frequencies were observed between populations for at least one of the tested genes in 26 of the 30 breeds. Next, standard breed descriptions from major American and international registries were used to determine colors and tail lengths (e.g. genetic bobtail) accepted within each breed. Alleles capable of producing traits incongruous with breed descriptions were observed in 143 breeds, such that random mating within breeds has probabilities of between 4.9e−7 and 0.25 of creating undesirable phenotypes. Finally, the presence of rare alleles within breeds, such as those for the recessive black coloration and natural bobtail, was combined with previously published identity-by-decent haplotype sharing levels to propose pathways by which the alleles may have spread throughout dog breeds. Taken together, this work demonstrates that: 1) the occurrence of low frequency alleles within breeds can reveal the influence of regional or functional selection practices; 2) it is possible to trace the mode by which characteristics have spread across breeds during historical breed formation; and 3) the necessity of addressing conflicting ideals in breed descriptions relative to actual genetic potential is crucial.Author SummaryFrom the sleek Doberman Pinscher to the coifed Poodle, the sunny Golden Retriever to the aristocratic Pekingese, the world of purebred dogs offers options that appeal to nearly all aesthetics. Pure dog breeds, of which there are over 400 worldwide, are created through selective breeding over multiple generations, toward an ideal goal of temperament, behavior, and physical appearance. Written descriptions of these breed-specific ideals are produced and maintained by dedicated breed enthusiasts, and provide guidelines that direct breeders in their selection choices. However, the genetic mechanisms that produce the spectrum of canine colors and patterns, sculpt the small triangular ears of a Siberian Husky or the long soft ears of a Basset Hound, are complicated and intertwined. This means that some breeds can carry rare, hidden traits for many generations, hampering selection efforts toward uniformity. We have determined the genotypes of >11,000 dogs, representing >200 breeds, at 12 genes that impact coat color and physical characteristics. In doing so, we can now present realistic trait frequencies within each breed, report occurrences of gene variants that can produce undesirable traits, and draw conclusions about the historic spread of characteristics across modern related breeds and those with distant shared ancestry.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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True Colors: commercially-acquired morphological genotypes reveal hidden allele variation among dog breeds, informing both trait ancestry and breed potential

Dreger

Hooser

Hughes

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…For example, ecosystem metabolism measured at dozens of locations for 10 days in two north temperate lakes varied 1-2 orders of magnitude, with more than three-quarters of the variability attributable to the measurement location within the lake (Van de Bogert et al, 2012). Transect-based studies of reservoirs have revealed directional gradients in algae pigments, pH, and nutrients with differences varying between 25%-180% within a waterbody (Moreno-Ostos, Cruz-Pizarro, Basanta, & George, 2009;Rychtecky & Znachor, 2011;Smith, 2018). Recently, satellite-based studies have demonstrated the ability to detect distinct spatial patterns at a high resolution for optical variables in large lakes (Lekki et al, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The evolution of spatial variability during an algal bloom event in shallow lakes

Ortíz¹,

Wilkinson²

2021

Preprint

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Publication DOI' link on the right-hand side of this webpage. Please feel free to contact any of the authors; we welcome feedback. 4. This study revealed how spatially heterogeneous shallow lakes are over the course of a single season, and that the magnitude of variability was highest during biologicallyintensive periods such as algal blooms. As such, continued research is needed across a range of trophic conditions to better understand the structure of horizontal variability in lakes. Overall, these data demonstrate the need for spatially-explicit monitoring to better understand the dynamics and drivers of algal blooms in shallow lakes and to better manage ecosystem services.

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Capturing the spatial variability of algal bloom development in a shallow temperate lake

Ortíz

Wilkinson

2021

Freshwater Biology

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1. Algal blooms can have profound effects on the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems and have the potential to interrupt valuable ecosystem services.Despite the potential ecological and economic consequences of algal blooms, the spatial dynamics of bloom development in spatially complex ecosystems such as shallow lakes remain poorly characterised. Our goal was to evaluate the magnitude and drivers of spatial variability of algal biomass, dissolved oxygen, and pH over the course of a season, in a shallow lake in order to better understand the spatial dynamics of algal blooms in these ecosystems.2. We sampled 98 locations in a small eutrophic lake on a 65-m grid for several parameters (chlorophyll a, phycocyanin, dissolved oxygen, pH, and temperature), weekly over 122 days. This was done to estimate the dynamics of variability and spatial autocorrelation during the course of multiple bloom events. We also compared the spatial measurements to a high frequency sensor deployed at a fixed station and estimated the optimal spatial sampling resolution by performing a rarefaction analysis.3. Spatial heterogeneity of algal pigments was high, particularly during bloom events, and this pattern and the overall severity of the bloom were not well captured with the fixed station monitoring. The pattern of algal pigments and other limnologically important variables (dissolved oxygen and pH) was related to the direction of prevailing winds 24 hr prior to sampling, the shallow northern basin where the main surface inlet is located, and heavy precipitation. Additionally, a dense bed of floating-leaf macrophytes contributed to local patchiness in all variables. Finally, from the rarefaction analysis we found that minimal information about the mean state of the ecosystem was gained after c. 30 locations had been sampled.4. This study revealed how spatially heterogeneous shallow lakes are over the course of a single season, and that the magnitude of variability was highest during biologically intensive periods such as algal blooms. As such, continued research is needed across a range of trophic conditions to better understand the structure of horizontal variability in lakes. Overall, these data demonstrate the need for spatially explicit monitoring to better understand the dynamics and drivers of algal blooms in shallow lakes and to better manage ecosystem services.

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Temporal and spatial monitoring of cyanobacterial blooms at Willow Creek Reservoir, North-Central Oregon

Cited by 3 publications

References 7 publications

True Colors: commercially-acquired morphological genotypes reveal hidden allele variation among dog breeds, informing both trait ancestry and breed potential

True Colors: commercially-acquired morphological genotypes reveal hidden allele variation among dog breeds, informing both trait ancestry and breed potential

The evolution of spatial variability during an algal bloom event in shallow lakes

Capturing the spatial variability of algal bloom development in a shallow temperate lake

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