Temporal and Spatial Profiling of Internode Elongation-Associated Protein Expression in Rapidly Growing Culms of Bamboo

Abstract

In natural conditions, culms of developing Moso bamboo, Phyllostachys heterocycla var. pubescens, reach their final height of more than ten meters within a short period of two to four months. To study this phenomenon, bamboo culm material collected from different developmental stages and internodes was analyzed. Histological observations indicated that the development of culm was dominated by cell division in the initial stages and by cell elongation in the middle and late stages. Development, maturation, and aging in different regions of the culm were studied systematically from the basal to the top internode. The four major endogenous hormones, indole acetic acid, gibberellic acid, zeatin riboside, and abscisic acid appeared to strongly influence the cell elongation phase. A total of 258 spots were differentially expressed in culm development. Of these, 213 spots were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS and were involved in many physiological and metabolic processes including carbohydrate metabolism, cell division, cell expansion, protein synthesis, amino acid metabolism and redox homeostasis. These proteins with different expression patterns constructed an ingenious network to regulate the culm development. Developmental stage-specific and internode-specific protein expression patterns were identified. Protein abundance was regulated temporally and to some extent spatially, and the sequential development from base to apex of bamboo culm was implemented by temporal and spatial expression of enzymes. Results indicate that during development energy was mainly derived from sucrose degradation, as photosynthetic capacity was poor. The regulation of anaerobic and aerobic modes of respiration appeared to play an important role in energy generation. This is the first report on proteomic profiling in bamboo and helps in understanding the regulatory processes in developing culms.

The draft genome of the fast-growing non-timber forest species moso bamboo (Phyllostachys heterocycla)

“…A recent proteomics study showed that many metabolic processes of cell wall structure were employed in the fast growth of bamboo culms 23 npg l e t t e r s the genes that might affect the formation of the cell wall structure. We detected 19 cellulose synthase (CesA) and 38 cellulose synthase-like (Csl) genes 24,25 in the bamboo genome, representing nearly the highest copy number of these genes among the 7 sequenced plant genomes (Supplementary Table 14a).…”

Genome-Wide Transcriptional Profiling to Elucidate Key Candidates Involved in Bud Burst and Rattling Growth in a Subtropical Bamboo (Dendrocalamus hamiltonii)

“…With these characteristics, bamboos have been fascinating plants among researchers since long. To explore their remarkable growth characteristics, comparative histological studies, monoclonal antibody bank creation, biochemical, and proteomic profiling of various developmental stages of growing shoot of bamboos have been done (Lee and Chin, 1960; Zheng et al, 1998; Lin et al, 2002; Li et al, 2007; Wang et al, 2011; Cui et al, 2012). Candidate genes ( Sucrose synthase, Cellulose synthase, BoSUT2, BoPAL1, Invertase ) associated with growth have been characterized in Bambusa oldhamii (tropical bamboo; Chiu et al, 2006; Hsieh et al, 2006, 2011; Chen et al, 2010; Gao et al, 2010).…”

Proteomics Coupled with Metabolite and Cell Wall Profiling Reveal Metabolic Processes of a Developing Rice Stem Internode

“…In rice, stem internodes rapidly elongate at the beginning of the reproductive stage (Bosch et al, 2011; Slewinski, 2012). Many important biological processes including cell division, cell wall synthesis, and cell wall remodeling occur during stem development (Bosch et al, 2011; Cui et al, 2012). Among these processes, the change in cell walls is especially important for stem mechanical properties (Gritsch and Murphy, 2005; Wang et al, 2012).…”

“…For example, fewer than 60% of transcripts are translated into proteins in maize (Walley et al, 2016). The current grass stem proteome data for rice, Brachypodium distachyon , sugarcane and bamboo consist of fewer than 600 proteins for a given species (Yang et al, 2006; Cui et al, 2012; Douché et al, 2013; Calderan-Rodrigues et al, 2016). Previous gel-based proteomics studies of rice stems identified fewer than 300 proteins, likely missing many proteins involved in important biological processes (Nozu et al, 2006; Yang et al, 2006).…”