Temporal and spatial variations of the quality of ambient air in the Kingdom of Bahrain during 2007

Khamdan, S. A. A.; Madany, Ismail M.; Buhussain, E.

doi:10.1007/s10661-008-0392-5

Cited by 24 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…This raises the question as to whether ambient air pollution is one of the main contributing factors to the high number of under-five and maternal deaths in LMICs. Moreover, because of high spatial and temporal variations in the ambient air quality coupled with seasonal and time changes [12], more studies in different regions on the health effects of short-term and long-term exposure to different types of ambient PM 2.5 are necessary so as to effect policy changes on regional and/or global air quality standards. An investigation on the effect of ambient PM 2.5 on under-five and maternal mortality, as in this study, remains significant towards answering such questions and subsequently designing and implementing preventive measures that can lead to improved maternal, newborn, and child health (MNCH) in LMICs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Associations between Types of Ambient PM2.5 and Under-Five and Maternal Mortality in Africa

Owili¹,

Lien

Muga

et al. 2017

IJERPH

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Exploring the effects of different types of PM2.5 is necessary to reduce associated deaths, especially in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Hence we determined types of ambient PM2.5 before exploring their effects on under-five and maternal mortality in Africa. The spectral derivate of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) products from 2000 to 2015 were employed to determine the aerosol types before using Generalized Linear and Additive Mixed-Effect models with Poisson link function to explore the associations and penalized spline for dose-response relationships. Four types of PM2.5 were identified in terms of mineral dust, anthropogenic pollutant, biomass burning and mixture aerosols. The results demonstrate that biomass PM2.5 increased the rate of under-five mortality in Western and Central Africa, each by 2%, and maternal mortality in Central Africa by 19%. Anthropogenic PM2.5 increased under-five and maternal deaths in Northern Africa by 5% and 10%, respectively, and maternal deaths by 4% in Eastern Africa. Dust PM2.5 increased under-five deaths in Northern, Western, and Central Africa by 3%, 1%, and 10%, respectively. Mixture PM2.5 only increased under-five deaths and maternal deaths in Western (incidence rate ratio = 1.01, p < 0.10) and Eastern Africa (incidence rate ratio = 1.06, p < 0.01), respectively. The findings indicate the types of ambient PM2.5 are significantly associated with under-five and maternal mortality in Africa where the exposure level usually exceeds the World Health Organization’s (WHO) standards. Appropriate policy actions on protective and control measures are therefore suggested and should be developed and implemented accordingly.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Associations between Types of Ambient PM2.5 and Under-Five and Maternal Mortality in Africa

Owili¹,

Lien

Muga

et al. 2017

IJERPH

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“…During any dust storm episode, 24-h mean PM 10 concentrations of over 1,000 mg/m 3 are recorded (Engelbrecht et al 2008(Engelbrecht et al , 2009, exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. According to the findings of Khamdan et al (2009), PM 10 and PM 2.5 originated from dust storms from the local desert and the trans-boundary airborne effects of the southern Iraqi desert impact Bahrain, Kuwait, and the eastern province of Saudi Arabia and perhaps extend further to the Arabian Gulf.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Concentrations, sources and exposure risks associated with particulate matter in the Middle East Area—a review

Tsiouri

Kakosimos

Kumar

2014

Air Qual Atmos Health

121

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Rapid economic expansion, industrialization, urbanisation and construction in the Middle East Area (MEA) have led to an increase in the levels of air pollution, resulting in serious effects on human health. For the first time, this article provides a comprehensive synthesis of the currently available published information which deals with atmospheric particulate matter (PM) in MEA. The focus of the article remains on the PM sources, monitoring, health impacts and source apportionment.The key objectives are to identify the levels of PM pollution and the associated exposure risks, to highlight research gaps and to discuss future research directions. The limited number of monitoring studies available for MEA indicates that dust storms augmented by the rapid increase in urban population are the key reasons for the high PM concentration levels. The findings of reviewed monitoring studies suggest that the levels of both annual mean PM 10 (20 μg/m 3 ) and PM 2.5 (10 μg/m 3 ) concentrations exceed the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines during most of the non-dust storm episodes, and as expected, the PM pollution levels become even higher during dust storm episodes. For example, 24-h mean PM 10 concentrations of over 1,000 μg/m 3 were noted during a severe dust storm episode in Kuwait. The findings of the epidemiological and toxicological studies in MEA have shown that dust storm events have a significant impact on respiratory admissions and the adverse health effects of PM are particularly in the form of asthma and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. It is concluded that PM pollution in MEA is a significant problem and quantification of PM emissions and the design of control measures to abate their impacts on public health are of primary importance. Besides, there is a need for more systematic PM data collection for source apportionment and assessment of PM levels that would enable air pollution-related health impact assessments of MEA. Furthermore, this review highlights that the release of airborne PM from major building activities such as building construction is largely unknown and emission inventories for different situations are needed.

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“…Thus, there existed significant difference for PM 10 , O 3-1hr , and SO 2 (values exceed the threshold) by testing location and season factors. However, Khamdan et al (2009) showed that there was a significant correlation between PM 10 levels that exceeded the threshold and haze episodes, but that there were not significant differences with location and seasons. In roadside sites, the appearance of severe episodic air pollution events from PM 10 , CO 8hr , NO 2 , and SO 2 were associated with calm conditions (WS = 1.19 m/s), when air mass stagnation is favoured.…”

Section: Air Quality and Standardsmentioning

confidence: 83%

Temporal and Spatial Variations in Ambient Air Quality during 1996-2009 in Bangkok, Thailand

Watcharavitoon

Chio

Chan

2013

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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The severe air pollution in Bangkok (BKK) is an important issue in Thailand. The Bangkok air quality and meteorological data used in this study were collected by the Pollution Control Department of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Thailand, during 1996-2009. Measurements of hourly air quality and meteorological data were derived from 10 residential and seven roadside sites. Pearson's chi-square cross tabulation statistics show that the 24-hour mean PM 10 concentrations at both roadside and residential sites were to be significantly higher than the Thai National ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) and World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. The daily 1-hour maximum O 3 (O 3-1hr ) concentration was higher than the Thai NAAQS at both sites. However, the concentrations of 8-hour time-weighting average of CO (CO 8hr ) were lower than the Thai NAAQS at both sites. The 24-hour average SO 2 concentration and the daily 1-hour mean concentration of NO 2 were higher than the WHO guidelines, but complied with the Thai NAAQS at both sites. A stepwise multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the significant factors affecting PM 10 , CO 8hr , O 3-1hr , NO 2 , and SO 2 levels at both sites, and the results showed a decreased association with meteorological parameters and an increased association with the area studied and seasons. In contrast, O 3-1hr levels exhibited a decreased association with the area studied. This study found that traffic emissions are the major factor causing the spatial variation in air pollutants in BKK, Thailand, while the meteorological parameters might be the main factors that affect the temporal variations. Our findings show the heterogeneously spatiotemporal characteristics of air pollution in BKK, and can be used to help mitigate this problem.

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Temporal and spatial variations of the quality of ambient air in the Kingdom of Bahrain during 2007

Cited by 24 publications

References 25 publications

The Associations between Types of Ambient PM2.5 and Under-Five and Maternal Mortality in Africa

The Associations between Types of Ambient PM2.5 and Under-Five and Maternal Mortality in Africa

Concentrations, sources and exposure risks associated with particulate matter in the Middle East Area—a review

Temporal and Spatial Variations in Ambient Air Quality during 1996-2009 in Bangkok, Thailand

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