Temporal conditioning of GSR.

Lockhart, Russell A.

doi:10.1037/h0022979

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Based on prior work (Lockhart, 1966; Pendergrass and Kimmel, 1968), UCS presentations at fixed ITIs should support temporal conditioning, while UCS presentations at random ITIs should not. Given this directional hypothesis, UCS expectancy data were included in a 1-tailed paired t-test to determine whether expectation of the UCS differed between temporal conditioning (i.e., fixed ITI) and control (i.e., random ITI) conditions.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Prior research has demonstrated temporal conditioning of SCR (Lockhart, 1966; Pendergrass and Kimmel, 1968). Therefore, we expected conditioned SCRs would be greater during temporal conditioning than the control procedure.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, the UCS can be presented at regular time intervals in the absence of a discrete CS such that time itself serves as the CS (i.e., the warning cue) that predicts the UCS (Kirkpatrick and Church, 2000; Lockhart, 1966; Pendergrass and Kimmel, 1968). During this time-cued type of temporal conditioning procedure, an anticipatory CR prior to UCS presentation is taken as evidence that the association between time and the UCS has been learned (Lockhart, 1966). Thus, time-cued temporal conditioning procedures differ from traditional CS-cued conditioning procedures because an association must be formed between the passage of time and the UCS, rather than between a discrete CS and the UCS.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Participants were exposed to a temporal conditioning (i.e., fixed interval UCS presentations expected to support conditioning) and control procedure (i.e., random interval UCS presentations that should not support conditioning) (Lockhart, 1966; Pendergrass and Kimmel, 1968). We expected participants to show conditioned responses during temporal conditioning compared to the control procedure.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Neural mechanisms of human temporal fear conditioning

Harnett

Shumen

Wagle

et al. 2016

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

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Learning the temporal relationship between a warning cue (conditioned stimulus; CS) and aversive threat (unconditioned stimulus; UCS) is an important aspect of Pavlovian conditioning. Although prior functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) research has identified brain regions that support Pavlovian conditioning, it remains unclear whether these regions support time-related processes important for this type of associative learning. Elucidating the neural substrates of temporal conditioning is important for a complete understanding of the Pavlovian conditioning process. Therefore, the present study used a temporal Pavlovian conditioning procedure to investigate brain activity that mediates the formation of temporal associations. During fMRI, twenty-three healthy volunteers completed a temporal conditioning procedure and a control task that does not support conditioning. Specifically, during the temporal conditioning procedure, the UCS was presented at fixed intervals (ITI: 20 s) while in the control condition the UCS was presented at random intervals (Average ITI: 20 s, ITI Range: 6-34 s). We observed greater skin conductance responses and expectancy of the UCS during fixed (i.e., temporal conditioning) relative to random (i.e., control procedure) interval trials. These findings demonstrate fixed trials support temporal conditioning, while random trials do not. During fixed interval trials, greater conditioned fMRI signal responses were observed within dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal lobule, inferior and middle temporal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala. The current findings suggest these brain regions constitute a neural circuit that encodes the temporal information necessary for Pavlovian fear conditioning.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Neural mechanisms of human temporal fear conditioning

Harnett

Shumen

Wagle

et al. 2016

Neurobiology of Learning and Memory

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“…Timing ofindividual cycle (e.g., Goddard, 1995;Lockhart, 1966;Maes & Vossen, 1992;Pavlov, 1927;Williams, Frame, & LoLordo, 1992) and stimulus (e.g., Baum& Bindra, 1968;Lynch, 1973;Pavlov, 1927;Rescorla, 1967) durations has been reported in a variety of conditioning paradigms. The present results indicate that when both durations are present in the same procedure, they are both timed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Independent effects of stimulus and cycle duration in conditioning: The role of timing processes

Kirkpatrick

Church

2000

Animal Learning & Behavior

108

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Rats received delay conditioning procedures with a white-noise conditioned stimulus (CS), a food unconditioned stimulus (US),and head entries into the food cup as the conditioned response. The stimulus duration (S) and the interval between food deliveries (C) were varied between groups: S =15,30, 60, and 120 sec; C =90, 180,and 360 sec. The stimulus/cycle duration ratio was negatively related to the asymptotic level of conditioning but had no effect on the rate of acquisition. Conditioning and timing of responses emerged together in training. Timingoccurred during the CS-US interval (lSI) and the US-US interval (ITI),as evidenced by increasing response rate gradients that were steeper for shorter intervals. The effects of the stimulus/cycle ratio on conditioning were attributed to independent timing of the S and C durations. Serial-, parallel-, and single-process accounts of conditioning and timing are compared. Because the total expectation (H) is the same during the stimulus (S) and cycle (C), the expectation densities (h s and he) are inversely related to the durations of the intervals (stimulus or cycle). The decision ofwhether to respond to a given stimulus is determined by the value of the ratio of the heights of the two expectation densities:If r exceeds a threshold, b, then responding will emerge to the stimulus.actually used the cycle/stimulus ratio, which resulted in an inverse relationship with cycles to acquisition criterion.) Recent studies have also reported the SIC ratio effect in a goal-tracking paradigm in rats (Holland, 2000;Lattal, 1999). To explain the SIC ratio effect on conditioning, Gibbon and Balsam (1981; and, later, Gallistel & Gibbon, 2000) proposed a two-stage model in which acquisition of conditioned responding to a stimulus (anincrease in the rate or probability of responding during the stimulus as a function of training) occurred first and timing of the stimulus duration (an increase in the rate or probability of responding over the duration of the stimulus) occurred much later.In the conditioning mechanism proposed by Gibbon and Balsam (1981), a given reinforcer supports a certain total expectancy, H, that is spread uniformly over the duration of the stimulus and over the duration of the cycle. This creates expectation densities for the stimulus (h s ) and cycle (he):Two temporal variables that affect the acquisition of conditioned responding in a delay conditioning procedure are the stimulus duration (the interval from conditioned stimulus [CS] onset to unconditioned stimulus [US] delivery) and the cycle duration (the time between successive US deliveries). The strength and rate of conditioning are inversely related to stimulus duration in several paradigms, including nictitating membrane in

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Prologue to “Habituation: A History”; Habituation

Thompson¹

2014

The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Operant and Classical Conditioning

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Temporal conditioning of GSR.

Cited by 22 publications

References 4 publications

Neural mechanisms of human temporal fear conditioning

Neural mechanisms of human temporal fear conditioning

Independent effects of stimulus and cycle duration in conditioning: The role of timing processes

Prologue to “Habituation: A History”; Habituation

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