Temporal distribution and pathogenicity of the predominant tomato‐infecting begomoviruses in Taiwan

Abstract

(51%) or mixed infection (ToLCTWV ⁄ TYLCTHV; 41%), and only 8% were ToLCTWV. This shows a clear trend of shifting from ToLCTWV to TYLCTHV and mixed infection over a short time period in Taiwan. Sequence analyses indicated that tomato-infecting AYVHuV, an apparent recombinant between ToLCTWV and AYVHuV from Ageratum, represents a new strain Hsinchu. TYLCTHV Taiwan isolates were highly similar to each other, whereas ToL-CTWV isolates had greater diversity and were classified into three strains which had one country-wide and two local distributions. ToLCTWV and TYLCTHV were confirmed as monopartite and bipartite begomoviruses, respectively, by agroinfection followed by transmission with Bemisia tabaci biotype B. In addition, TYLCTHV was found to be mechanically transmissible together with viral DNA-B.

Begomoviruses and Their Emerging Threats in South Korea: A Review

“…This phenomenon has resulted in severe epidemiological emergence of isolates capable of overcoming host resistance or isolates with a host range wider than the original one (García-Andrés et al, 2006;Monci et al, 2002;Ndunguru et al, 2005). Intergenic region (IR) is the hot spot of recombination of begomoviruses (Seal et al, 2006b;Tsai et al, 2011). Recombination is also known to occur in between the helper begomovirus genomes and their betasatellites.…”

“…Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (TYLCTHV) was for the first time reported from Thailand in 1994 (Blawid et al, 2008;Knierim and Maiss, 2007;Rochester et al, 1994;Sawangjit et al, 2005) and then subsequently it spread to Myanmar (Green et al, 2001), south China (Guo et al, 2009;Li et al, 2004) and recently it introduced in Taiwan in 2005 (Jan et al, 2007) where it has changed the dynamics of pre tomato existing begomoviruses as itself a leading tomato-infecting begomovirus; and is causing extensive damage to tomato production in Taiwan (Shih et al, 2010;Tsai et al, 2011). It seems likely that TYLCTHV is more virulent and aggressive with a wider host range (Shih et al, 2010) and outcompetes and replaces Tomato yellow leaf curl Taiwan virus (ToLCTWV), which might be due to more efficient transmission by either indigenous or introduced biotypes of whitefly (Tsai et al, 2011).…”

“…It seems likely that TYLCTHV is more virulent and aggressive with a wider host range (Shih et al, 2010) and outcompetes and replaces Tomato yellow leaf curl Taiwan virus (ToLCTWV), which might be due to more efficient transmission by either indigenous or introduced biotypes of whitefly (Tsai et al, 2011). The introduction of ToLCTWV in China has also considerable effect on tomato production.…”

A single amino acid substitution in the movement protein enables the mechanical transmission of a geminivirus

“…Similar to many phloem‐limited viruses, including other geminiviruses and closteroviruses, begomoviruses are rarely mechanically transmissible by rub or sap inoculation (Garnsey et al , ; Wege and Pohl, ). Thus far, only approximately 20 out of 409 known begomovirus species have been reported to be mechanically transmissible to their natural hosts (Bock and Guthrie, ; Morales et al , ; Gilbertson et al , ; Garrido‐Ramirez et al , ; Chatchawankanphanich and Maxwell, ; Usharani et al , ; Ajlan et al , ; Tsai et al , ).…”

Expression of the Full‐length Coat Protein Gene of Tomato leaf curl Taiwan virus is Not Necessary for Recovery Phenotype in Transgenic Tomato

“…1997; Nakhla and Maxwell 1998; Moffat 1999). Recently, the distribution of T omato leaf curl Taiwan virus (ToLCTWV) and T omato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (TYLCTHV) in Taiwan was well documented (Tsai et al. 2011).…”