Temporal factors and the cognitive mediators of stress reaction.

Termination of a stressful task reduces fear of an approaching shock

“…In the shorter, 30-sec interval, only the first half of the U can be detected. The relatively long duration of deceleration should not be confused with that reportedly taking place in the last 2-3 sec before a predictable shock (Deane, 1966;Graham & Clifton, 1966;Folkins, 1970). That deceleration is controlled by the approaching negative stimulus, whereas the effect reported here is controlled by past experience, in spite of the future.…”

“…It is possible to analyze this pattern by dividing it into relevant psychological components. When the threat is first presented, there is a rise in measurable fear (Folkins, 1970); then follows a gradual relaxation, and finaJly, with the approach of the frightening event, the fear intensifies considerably. This particular pattern was found only with *We are greatly indebted to Dr. Pinchas Yarden tor his invaluable encouragement and to S. Biederman who helped at a11 stages of the research.…”

The effect of spectator presence on gymnastic performance in a field situation

“…All Ss in this condition were informed of the spectator presence only when their turn came to perform. Res u lts of several studies (e.g, Breznitz, 1967;Folkins, 1970;Nomikos, Opton, Averill, & Lazarus, 1968) have suggested that only minimal levels of arousal are produced by a fear-arousing stimulus when the individual is given no forewaming of the impending presentation of this stimulus. A short warning period appears t o lead to greater degrees of arousal.…”

From Psychological Stress to the Emotions: A History of Changing Outlooks

“…an electric shock that was anticipated but never actu ally occurred (Folkins 1970;Monat et al 1973), or a bloody accident (on film) . that had been foreshadowed by a flashback (Nomikos et al 1968).…”