Temporal Patterns of Flowering and Pod Set of Determinate Soybean in Response to High Temperature

Abstract

Global warming is expected to affect yield-determining factors of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.), including the number of flowers and pods. However, little is known about the effects of high temperature on the temporal patterns of flowering and pod set. Experiments in the temperature-controlled greenhouses were conducted to examine the temporal pattern of flowering in determinate soybean cultivar "Sinpaldalkong" and to assess the effects of high temperature on the flower number, pod-set ratio, and pod number of the early-and late-opened-flowers and their contributions to overall pod number. The experiment comprised five sowing dates in 2013-2015 and four temperature treatments, namely ambient temperature (AT), AT + 1.5 • C, AT + 3.0 • C, and AT + 5.0 • C. Flowering duration (i.e., days between the first flowering and the last flowering) was extended by higher temperature and earlier sowing. The temporal distribution of flowering showed a bimodal distribution except for the experiment with the shortest flowering duration, i.e., second sowing in 2014. More flowers were produced in the late flowering period at high temperatures; however, most of these late-opened-flowers failed to reproduce, regardless of temperature conditions, resulting in a negligible contribution to the overall pod number. For the early-opened-flowers, the number of flowers was not significantly affected by temperature, while the pod-set ratio and pod number decreased with high temperatures resulting in a decrease in the overall pod number at temperatures above 29.4 • C.

Analysis of Shoot Architecture Traits in Edamame Reveals Potential Strategies to Improve Harvest Efficiency

“…Long day also delays flower to pod transition and seed filling, but it does not affect pod elongation ( Nico et al, 2016 ). In addition to photoperiod, higher temperature can also contribute to higher number of flowers and pods, but these flowers may fail to produce mature pods and cause a reduction of yield ( Kim et al, 2020 ). A multi-year study of edamame breeding lines show that there are significant trait variations between years, including changes in pod yield and plant height, suggesting environmental variation is an important factor for edamame development ( Jiang et al, 2018 ).…”

Soybean Response to Weather and Climate Conditions in the Krasnodar and Primorye Territories of Russia over the Past Decades

“…In most soybean-producing countries, the warming of the climate during the recent decades is excessive and represents a risk factor for the yields of soybean crop (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) [1][2][3][4][5]. In some soybean-producing regions, the factor limiting productivity is the lack of precipitation [3,6].…”

“…Soybean yields decrease with the increasing temperature deviation from the optimum [5,18,22,23]. Critical to productivity is the moisture availability during the period from flowering to pod formation [12,13,20].…”