Temporal Patterns of Ozone Pollution in West Virginia: Implications for High-Elevation Hardwood Forests

Gilliam, Frank S.; Turrill, Nicole L.

doi:10.1080/10473289.1995.10467392

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 Of this forested area, about 90% is hardwood forest, much of which is mountainous. 8 Because this represents a large and economically significant resource, the need is great for better understanding the pollution conditions to which these forests are exposed. Although most of West Virginia generally is placed within the zone (isocline) of highest H+ deposition in the United States, 2 few long-term empirical data exist for precipitation chemistry for this region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Wetfall Deposition and Precipitation Chemistry for a Central Appalachian Forest

Gilliam

Adams

1996

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Although extensive research on acidic deposition has been directed toward spruce-fir forests, less research has been done on the impacts of air pollution on eastern montane hardwood forests. The purpose of this study was to describe precipitation chemistry for several Appalachian hardwood forest sites at or near the Fernow Experimental Forest (FEF) to assess the potential for problems associated with acidic deposition. Emphasis was placed on seasonal patterns of ionic concentrations (H+, Ca++, NH4+; NO3-, and SO4=) and spatial variability of ionic concentrations and deposition among sites. Seasonal patterns of most ions showed highest concentrations during the summer months and deposition of H+ was especially pronounced during this time. Deposition of all ions was generally greater (related to greater precipitation) at three montane forested sample sites compared to a nonforested riverbottom site. Precipitation chemistry at FEF was similar to other sites throughout the eastern United States and contrasted sharply with mid-western and western sites. Eastern sites, including means for FEF sites, were uniformly 3-4 times higher in H+ and SO4= concentration than the mid-western and western sites. Precipitation at FEF was chronically acidic, more so during the growing season, and highest at higher elevations where environmental stresses can be most severe. Furthermore, there were occasional large discrepancies between the low-elevation site and the higher-elevation forested sites for precipitation chemistry and acidic deposition. These results suggest that synoptic-scale (network) data may greatly underestimate the pollutant conditions to which highelevation forest trees are exposed, since network data rarely take elevation into account and typically are based on annual ionic concentration and deposition means that may be considerably lower than those of the growing season.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Wetfall Deposition and Precipitation Chemistry for a Central Appalachian Forest

Gilliam

Adams

1996

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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“…Once thought to be confined to large metropolitan areas, ozone is known to be transported long distances to rural and forested areas (Aneja et al, 1990 ;Chameides & Cowling, 1995 ;Gilliam & Turrill, 1995). Ozone concentrations during preindustrial times averaged 0n02 µl l −" , but even today in unpolluted areas of the world, levels range between 0n02-0n045 µl l −" (Lefohn, Krupa & Winstanley, 1990 ;National Research Council, 1991).…”

Section: mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambient ozone effects on forest trees of the eastern United States: a review

1998

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Tropospheric ozone can affect crop yield and has been reported to cause reductions in growth and biomass of forest tree species in laboratory and glasshouse studies. However, linkages between growth and ambient ozone concentrations in the field are not well established for forest trees. Ambient ozone concentrations have been shown to cause foliar injury on a number of tree species throughout much of the eastern USA. Symptom expression is influenced by endogenous and exogenous factors and, therefore, ozone-exposure\tree-response relationships have been difficult to confirm. Clearly defined, cause-effect relationships between visible injury and growth losses due to ozone have not been validated. Generalizations of sensitivity of forest trees to ozone are complicated by tree development stage, microclimate, leaf phenology, compensatory processes, within-species variation and other interacting stresses. In general, decreases in above-ground growth at ambient ozone levels in the eastern USA appear to be in the range of 0-10 % per year. However, these conclusions are based on a small number of tree species, with the vast majority of studies involving individual tree seedlings in a non-competitive environment. Comparative studies of small and large trees indicate that seedlings are not suitable surrogates for predicting responses of mature trees to ozone. Process-level modelling is a promising methodology that has been recently utilized to assess ozone effects on a stand to regional scale, indicating that ozone is affecting forest growth in the eastern USA. The extent and magnitude of the response is variable and depends on many edaphic and climatic factors. It is imperative when conducting assessment exercises, however, that forest biologists constantly keep in mind the tremendous variability that exists within natural systems. Scaling of single site\physiological response phenomena from an individual tree to an ecosystem and\or region necessitates further research.

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“…[7][8][9][10][11] Considerable differences in ambient O 3 exposures have also been demonstrated on a year-to-year (growing season) basis in the more remote forested areas of West Virginia 12 and in the forested areas of north-central Pennsylvania. 7,13 Within regional areas, topography has been demonstrated to play a significant role in determining O 3 exposures, with higher O 3 exposures occurring at higher elevation sites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 13-Week Comparison of Passive and Continuous Ozone Monitors at Forested Sites in North-Central Pennsylvania

Skelly

Ferdinand

Savage

et al. 2001

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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Ogawa passive O 3 samplers were used in a 13-week study (June 1-September 1, 1999) involving 11 forested and mountaintop sites in north-central Pennsylvania. Four of the sites were collocated with TECO model 49 O 3 analyzers. A significant correlation (p < 0.0001) was found for 24-hr average weekly O 3 concentrations between the two methodologies at the four sites with collocated monitors. As expected, there were positive relationships between increasing elevation of the sites and increasing O 3 concentrations. No O 3 exposure patterns were found on a west-to-east or south-to-north basis; however, the area known for lower O 3 exposures within a smaller subsection of the study area showed consistently lower O 3 exposures. Preliminary results regarding relationships of symptom responses within O 3 -sensitive bioindicators are also presented with black cherry (Prunus serotina, Ehrh.) and common milkweed (Asclepias syriaca, L.) showing clear evidence of increasing injury with increasing O 3 exposures. Due to the extremely dry conditions encountered in north-central Pennsylvania during the 1999 growing season, O 3 -induced symptoms were sporadic and quite delayed until late-season rains during the latter portion of the observation period.

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Temporal Patterns of Ozone Pollution in West Virginia: Implications for High-Elevation Hardwood Forests

Cited by 10 publications

References 12 publications

Wetfall Deposition and Precipitation Chemistry for a Central Appalachian Forest

Wetfall Deposition and Precipitation Chemistry for a Central Appalachian Forest

Ambient ozone effects on forest trees of the eastern United States: a review

A 13-Week Comparison of Passive and Continuous Ozone Monitors at Forested Sites in North-Central Pennsylvania

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